Volume-11 , Issue-4 , Apr 2025, ISSN 2454-9312 (Online), 2454-6143 (Print)

• Open Access   Article

  Demographic Analysis of Solid Waste Production and Collection in Sabon Gari Area, Kano State, Nigeria

  Ejeh Benedict, Aduke Olufunmilayo Bello, Muhammad Fatima Alamai

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRMS)

  Vol.11 , Issue.4 , pp.1-9, Apr-2025

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  Abstract
  Solid waste is the commonest municipal solid waste particularly solid waste due to civilization whose characterization, composition and other dimensions are researched among authors but rarely is the volume of the waste generated. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of waste management awareness and practices across various demographic groups. The results reveal that while 68.3% of the population is aware of waste management practices, 31.7% remains uninformed. Significant variations in waste disposal behaviors were observed based on sex, age, education level, and occupation. Men generally exhibit greater awareness and engage more in practices such as recycling, composting, and incineration, while women show a stronger preference for recycling and composting. Younger individuals (18-25 years) and those with secondary or tertiary education levels demonstrate more environmentally-conscious behaviors, particularly in recycling and composting. Respondents largely acknowledge the adverse impacts of improper waste management, including flooding, pest proliferation, disease transmission, and water pollution. These findings highlight the urgent need for targeted waste management education and interventions to enhance practices, particularly among specific demographic groups.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Waste, Management, Behaviour and Demographic Analysis

  References
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  Citation
  Ejeh Benedict, Aduke Olufunmilayo Bello, Muhammad Fatima Alamai, "Demographic Analysis of Solid Waste Production and Collection in Sabon Gari Area, Kano State, Nigeria," International Journal of Scientific Research in Multidisciplinary Studies , Vol.11, Issue.4, pp.1-9, 2025

• Open Access   Article

  Effects of Financial Leverage on the Financial Performance of Financial Holdings Companies in Nigeria

  Ishaq Yusuf Dauda, Lawan Yahaya, Shittu O. Ibrahim

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRMS)

  Vol.11 , Issue.4 , pp.10-20, Apr-2025

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  There has been a global trend for financial institutions to become larger in scale and more diversified in in scope, with Nigeria being not an exception, sequel to 2010 banking reform when the central bank of Nigeria repealed the universal framework, new holding company structure was introduced to reposition the banking system of incorporating banking groups with non-core banking investments. Eight financial holding companies (FHCs) have each begun to function as management umbrella in Nigeria by investing in different types of financial services such as banking, insurance and securities. This study focuses on local financing issues by examining financial leverage effects on the financial performance of financial holdings companies of Nigeria. The main objective of the study is to examine the effect of financial leverage on the financial performance of financial holdings companies in Nigeria. The dependent variable of the study is the financial performance proxies by return on equity ROE while the independent variables were measured by debt to equity ratio, debt to asset ratio, interest coverage ratio and debt service coverage. The data for the study were extracted from the annual reports and accounts of the institutions for a five years period spanning from 2019-2023. The ex-post factor research design was used while descriptive statistics, correlation, and regression were administered to the data. Multicollinearity, heteroscedasticity, hausman specification test, normality test, detection of outlier were also conducted on the data to ensure robustness of the results. The finding of the study revealed that financial leverage significantly affect financial performance of financial holdings companies in Nigeria particularly for the period of the study. It further found out that Debt to equity ratio (DER) has negative and insignificant effect on return on equity of financial holding companies in Nigeria. Any increase in DER negatively affect return on equity of financial holdings companies in Nigeria, but with insignificant effect. It further found that Debt to asset ratio (DAR) has a positive and significant effect on the return on equity of financial holdings companies in Nigeria. Implying that an increase in debt to asset ratio can have positive and significant effect on returns on equity of financial holdings companies in Nigeria. Therefore, it is recommended that financial holdings companies should continue to manage their financial leverage position efficiently and effectively to improve their financial performance (return on equity) through prioritization of internal financing sources like retain earnings and equity since debt negatively affect it performance. Moreover, FHCs should explore debt financing options with lower cost of borrowings to finance its assets as debt to assets ratio positively and significantly affect their financial performance (return on equity). Furthermore, FHCs should pay its interest expense obligations to its financiers as at when due as interest coverage ratio positively and significantly affect its financial performance (return on equity). Finally, FHCs should service its debt promptly without default as debt service coverage affect its performance although with insignificant effect.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Financial, Leverage, Financial Performance, Financial Holdings Companies.

  References
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  [3] Eshna, V. “Financial performance: Understanding the concepts and its areas”. Simplilearn. Vol.4, Issue.2, pp.123-141, 2021.
  [4] Juliet, R. A., & Onyema, J. A. “Financial leverage and shareholders’ wealth: An empirical analysis of foods and beverages firms in Nigeria”. International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering & Management (IJAIEM), Vol.8, Issue.12, pp.329-371, 2019.
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  Citation
  Ishaq Yusuf Dauda, Lawan Yahaya, Shittu O. Ibrahim, "Effects of Financial Leverage on the Financial Performance of Financial Holdings Companies in Nigeria," International Journal of Scientific Research in Multidisciplinary Studies , Vol.11, Issue.4, pp.10-20, 2025

• Open Access   Article

  Influence of Social Media on Enhancing Market Visibility among Women Entrepreneurs in the Kariakoo International Market in Tanzania

  John Warioba, George Julius Babune

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRMS)

  Vol.11 , Issue.4 , pp.21-28, Apr-2025

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  Abstract
  The paper examines how Instagram and Facebook influence market visibility among women entrepreneurs in the Kariakoo International Market of Tanzania. The Social Capital Theory guides the paper, and it follows a positivist research philosophy. It employs a quantitative methodology with a cross-sectional design. The paper targets women entrepreneurs as its population within the market. A sample size of 382 was determined using simple random sampling methods to gather data through a structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were employed to investigate the influence of Instagram and Facebook on market and business visibility among women entrepreneurs in the study area. The study revealed that social media have a positive influence on business visibility, including broad audience reach, improved search engine ranking, and high customer feedback. The study concludes that Instagram and Facebook have positive effects, which positively influence business networking and market visibility. It recommends that entrepreneurs utilise Instagram and Facebook more effectively by integrating targeted strategies for networking, investing in tools to enhance market visibility, and continually adopting emerging social media platforms. Moreover, policymakers should support training programs that improve social media skills among women entrepreneurs to maximise the benefits of these platforms. Future research should investigate the impact of specific social media platforms and the long-term consequences of social media adoption on business sustainability.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Kariakoo Market, Market Visibility, Social Media, Tanzania & Women Entrepreneurs

  References
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  [2] Y.K.Dwivedi, E Ismagilova, D.LHughes, J Carlson, R Filieri., J Jacobson., V Jain, H Karjaluoto, H Kefi, A.S Krishen., V Kumar., MM Rahman, R Raman., PA Rauschnabel, J Rowley, J Salo, G.A Tran, & Y Wang. Setting the future of digital and social media marketing research: Perspectives and research propositions. International Journal of Information Management, Vol. 59, Issue 5, pp.102-168, 20
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  [5] L. Achtenhagen., & M Tillmar. The role of social media in entrepreneurship research: A bibliometric analysis. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, Vol. 19, Issue. 1, pp. 1-29, 2023.
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  Citation
  John Warioba, George Julius Babune, "Influence of Social Media on Enhancing Market Visibility among Women Entrepreneurs in the Kariakoo International Market in Tanzania," International Journal of Scientific Research in Multidisciplinary Studies , Vol.11, Issue.4, pp.21-28, 2025

• Open Access   Article

  Assessing the Technological, Pedagogical, and Content Knowledge of Teachers for the Effective Implementation of Digital Instructional Technologies in Kaduna State’s Public Secondary Schools

  Ibrahim Adamu Usman, Abubakar Sadiq Bappah, Haruna Angulu

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRMS)

  Vol.11 , Issue.4 , pp.29-36, Apr-2025

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  Abstract
  The study aimed to assess the perception of teachers` technological (TK), pedagogical (PK), and content knowledge (CK) regarding the effective implementation of digital instructional technologies in Kaduna State`s public secondary schools. The study has three (3) research questions in line with the objectives and three (3) Research Hypotheses. A descriptive survey design was adopted for the study with a population of 4,751 senior secondary school teachers. A purposive and a simple random sampling techniques were used to arrive at a sample size of 614 male and female teachers drawn from 15 local government areas of the State. A five-point Likert scale structured questionnaire was used as an instrument for data collection. The instrument was validated by two experts and the reliability of the instrument was established with a Cronbach alpha coefficient of 0.70. Mean and standard deviation were used to answer research questions, and an independent t-test was used to test the hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance. Findings indicate a strong overall perception among teachers, suggesting that they possess a high level of technological, pedagogical, and content knowledge necessary for the implementation of digital instructional technologies into their classrooms. Notably, while perceptions of TK, PK, and CK were uniformly positive, the study underscores the importance of continuous professional development targeted at enhancing TPACK among educators, recommending. Comprehensive approach to teacher development. Schools should foster a culture of continuous usage and learning through effective monitoring and organizing workshops that emphasize the symbiotic relationship between technology, pedagogy, and content. That might provide teachers with expertise in blending these domains effectively in the classrooms.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Technological Knowledge, Pedagogical knowledge, Content Knowledge (CK), Digital instructional technologies, Effective Implementation, Public Secondary Schools, Kaduna State.

  References
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  Citation
  Ibrahim Adamu Usman, Abubakar Sadiq Bappah, Haruna Angulu, "Assessing the Technological, Pedagogical, and Content Knowledge of Teachers for the Effective Implementation of Digital Instructional Technologies in Kaduna State’s Public Secondary Schools," International Journal of Scientific Research in Multidisciplinary Studies , Vol.11, Issue.4, pp.29-36, 2025

• Open Access   Article

  Assessment of the Types and Composition of Municipal Solid Waste in Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria

  Tume Clement, Hangeior I. Stephen, Akase E.T.

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRMS)

  Vol.11 , Issue.4 , pp.37-44, Apr-2025

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  Abstract
  Municipal solid waste (MSW) management remains a critical environmental and public health concern in rapidly urbanizing regions, particularly in developing countries.This study aimed to assess the types and composition of municipal solid waste (MSW) in Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria, to understand waste generation patterns, seasonal variations, and their implications for waste management strategies and urban scavenger populations. A six-month systematic field observational survey was conducted at three major waste disposal sites Wurukum, Wadata, and Airforce Base where waste was categorized into organic waste, plastics, metals, hazardous materials, and other waste. The results showed that organic waste formed the highest proportion of municipal solid waste (MSW), averaging 46% in the rainy season and 44.7% in the dry season, with notable site-specific variations (p < 0.05). Plastics exhibited relative stability across seasons but significant variation across sites (p = 0.001). Metal waste displayed both spatial and temporal variations (p < 0.05), correlating with seasonal construction activities. Hazardous waste was significantly higher at Wurukum (10%) and Airforce Base (8%), indicating potential environmental and health risks. These findings shows the necessity for implementing site-specific waste management strategies, enhancing recycling programs, and enforcing stricter hazardous waste regulations to mitigate environmental degradation.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Organic Waste, Plastics, Pollution, Scavengers, Waste Composition, Waste Disposal

  References
  [1] D. Hoornweg and P. Bhada-Tata, What a Waste: A Global Review of Solid Waste Management, 2012.
  [2] A. O. Aladelokun and O. M. Ayiti, “Sustainable waste management practices and challenges in South West Nigeria,” Waste Management, Vol. 7, pp. 13, 2022.
  [3] G. O. Omokaro, I. Michael, and P. V. Evgenievich, “Assessing the environmental and health implications of waste disposal: A case study of Africa’s largest dumping site,” Journal of Geography, Environment and Earth Science International, Vol. 28, Issue. 5, pp. 16–30, 2024.
  [4] M. Margallo, K. Ziegler-Rodriguez, I. Vázquez-Rowe, R. Aldaco, Á. Irabien, and R. Kahhat, “Enhancing waste management strategies in Latin America under a holistic environmental assessment perspective: A review for policy support,” Science of the Total Environment, Vol. 689, pp. 1255–1275, 2019.
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  [14]R. Alshaikh and A. Abdelfatah, "Optimization Techniques in Municipal Solid Waste Management: A Systematic Review," Sustainability, Vol. 16, Issue. 15, 6585, 2024.
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  [19] A. Le Courtois, "Municipal Solid Waste: Turning a problem into resource," Private Sector & Development, Vol. 15, pp. 1–28, 2012.
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  Citation
  Tume Clement, Hangeior I. Stephen, Akase E.T., "Assessment of the Types and Composition of Municipal Solid Waste in Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria," International Journal of Scientific Research in Multidisciplinary Studies , Vol.11, Issue.4, pp.37-44, 2025

• Open Access   Article

  An Evaluation of the Knowledge of Evolving Family structure in Rural and Urban Areas of Benue State, Nigeria

  Ejeh Benedict, Aduke Olufunmilayo Bello, Muhammad Fatima Alamai

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRMS)

  Vol.11 , Issue.4 , pp.45-54, Apr-2025

  Abstract

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  Abstract
  The study investigates the level and differentials in the knowledge of evolving family structures among rural and urban residents in the study area. Using a descriptive cross-sectional survey design, data were collected from 400 respondents through structured questionnaires administered across selected rural and urban communities. The study assessed awareness of six key indicators of family transformation: cohabitation, divorce, separation, single parenthood, delayed marriage, and changes in household size. Descriptive statistics revealed that 78% of respondents were aware of transformations in family structure, suggesting widespread recognition of changing household dynamics influenced by modernization, urbanization, and socio-economic shifts. Comparative analysis showed urban respondents had greater awareness of cohabitation, divorce, and separation, reflecting their exposure to alternative lifestyles and liberal norms. In contrast, rural respondents exhibited higher awareness of single parenthood, delayed marriage, and household size, likely due to the visibility of deviations from traditional norms in tightly knit communities. Inferential analysis using the Mann-Whitney U test revealed statistically significant rural-urban differences for five of the six indicators (p < 0.05), with separation being the only non-significant variable. These findings suggest that awareness of family transformation is context-dependent, with rural areas more sensitive to changes in traditional family expectations and urban areas more attuned to modern family forms. The study recommends culturally tailored policy interventions and awareness campaigns that address the diverse realities of family structures in both rural and urban settings. Understanding these differentials is crucial for effective family policy planning, social development, and community engagement.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Family Structure, Rural-Urban Differences, Awareness, Social Change, Benue State

  References
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  [4]. M. Murray, “.What`s So New About the New Illegitimacy”. American University Journal of Gender, Social Policy and the Law, 6 Issue 2: pp 157-179, 2012.
  [5]. C.B. Nam, “"The concept of the family: Demographic and genealogical perspectives", Association today, Research Associate, center for demography and population Health” Florida University. 2005.
  [6]. B. Ejeh,. A. O Bello & G. Sani “Determinants of family change among selected household Heads in Benue State, Nigeria” Sokoto Journal of Geography and the Environment 4 issue 1 pp: 49-68, 2022.
  [7]. M. Samad,. “Marriage in Changing Family Pattern of Bangladesh: The Present Trends” International Journal of Social Work and Human Services Practice 3 issue 4 pp: 155-161, 2015.
  [8]. G. O., Akpata, Eboh, A., and J. S, Owoseni,. “Socio-Economic Impact of Family Size Preference on Married Couples in Kogi State University Community, Anyigba, Kogi State, Nigeria”. American Journal of Sociological Research 7 issue 4 pp 99-108, 2017.
  [9]. I. Amarjit,. “Changing Family Composition, Structure and Practices in Bhota town of District Hamirpur, Himachal Pradessh (India): A Comparative Study” American Journal of Sociological Research 7 issue 2: pp 67-71, 2017.
  [10]. T.N. Haregu, Beguy, D and A.C, Ezeh,“Changing Family Structure and Fertility in Sub-Saharan Africa, African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya” 2017
  [11]. S, Harawa, “Levels, Trends and Determinants of Family Structure in Malawi” A Master thesis submitted to the Faculties of Health Sciences and Humanities, Schools of Public Health and Social Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. 2016.
  [12]. M., Ragini, A., Shabnam, and M. Sudha,. “A Comparative Study of Changing Family Composition, Structure and Practices in Urban Area of Kanpur city”. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 2 issue 10: pp 1-4 2012.
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  Citation
  Ejeh Benedict, Aduke Olufunmilayo Bello, Muhammad Fatima Alamai, "An Evaluation of the Knowledge of Evolving Family structure in Rural and Urban Areas of Benue State, Nigeria," International Journal of Scientific Research in Multidisciplinary Studies , Vol.11, Issue.4, pp.45-54, 2025

• Open Access   Article

  Pedagogical Approaches and Institutional Readiness for Mobile Learning Integration in the Agricultural Education Curriculum of Undergraduate Students in Kano State Public Universities

  Hussaina Isah Aliyu, Amina Muhammad Yunusa, Abdulaziz Bello

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRMS)

  Vol.11 , Issue.4 , pp.55-60, Apr-2025

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  Abstract
  The integration of Mobile Learning Technologies in agricultural education has the potential to enhance instructional delivery, yet its effectiveness depends on appropriate pedagogical approaches and institutional readiness. This study examined the pedagogical approaches adopted for m-learning integration. It assessed the level of institutional support in the agricultural education curriculum of undergraduate students in Kano State public universities. An explanatory mixed-method research design was employed, comprising a population of 45 agricultural lecturers, 18 technologists, and 611 students. A representative sample was drawn using Krejcie and Morgan’s sampling technique. Quantitative data were collected through structured questionnaires and analyzed using SPSS, while qualitative data were gathered through interviews and analyzed using NVivo. The results were integrated to provide comprehensive findings. Quantitative findings revealed a moderate level of m-learning adoption, with variations in pedagogical approaches among disciplines. Institutional support was a critical factor influencing the successful implementation of m-learning, with challenges including inadequate technical infrastructure and inadequacy of Lecturers` and technologists` training. Qualitative insights further highlighted the need for policy frameworks and Lecturers and technologists` development programs to enhance mobile-based instructional strategies. The study concludes that while m-learning has transformative potential, its effectiveness depends on well-structured pedagogical models and institutional preparedness. It recommends targeted capacity-building initiatives and improved technological infrastructure to optimize m-learning integration in agricultural education.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Mobile Learning, Pedagogical Approaches, Institutional Readiness, Agricultural Education, Mixed-Method, Kano State

  References
  [1] Al-Rahmi, A. M., Al-Rahmi, W. M., Alturki, U., Aldraiweesh, A., Almutairy, S., & Al-Adwan, A. S. Acceptance of mobile technologies and M-learning by university students: An empirical investigation in higher education. Education and Information Technologies, 27(6), 7805-7826, 2022
  [2] Zakaria, M. I., Abdullah, A. H., Alhassora, N. S. A., Osman, S., & Ismail, N. The impact of m-learning and problem-based learning teaching method on students’ motivation and academic performance. International Journal of Instruction, 18(1), 503-518, 2025.
  [3] Hernández-Velázquez, Y., Mezura-Godoy, C., & Rosales-Morales, V. Y. M-learning and student-centered design: a systematic review of the literature. In New perspectives in software engineering: Proceedings of the 9th international conference on software process improvement (CIMPS 2020) (pp. 349-363) 2021. Springer International Publishing.
  [4] Adebayo, S., Oyeleke, O., & Akinola, R. Challenges and prospects of mobile learning adoption in Nigerian universities. International Journal of Educational Technology, 18(3), 45-60, 2021.
  [5] Bansal, T., & Joshi, D. Mobile learning pedagogy: Enhancing digital education strategies. Journal of Educational Research and Innovation, 25(4), 67-82, 2022.
  [6] Okebukola, P. Digital transformation in Nigerian education: Prospects and challenges. African Journal of Educational Technology, 11(3), 112-127, 2020.
  [7] Yusuf, A., Bello, I., & Mohammed, S. E-learning and mobile learning integration in Nigerian tertiary institutions: Policy implications. Nigerian Journal of Educational Policy, 19(2), 78-92, 2021.
  [8] Amaniampong, A. Design and implementation of M-learning framework for virtual ICT education in Colleges of Education in Ghana 2025.
  [9] Yuliana, Y., Abadi, A. M., Hendrowibowo, L., & Kurdhi, N. A. Characteristics of the mobile problem-based learning flipped classroom (mPBLFC) mathematics learning model: a systematic literature review. Perspectives of Science & Education, 68(2), 261-277, 2024.
  [10] Dube, B., & Scott, D. The role of mobile learning in agricultural education: A case study in developing economies. Agricultural Education Review, 14(2), 89-103, 2020.
  [11] Munene, R. M. Preparedness in Curriculum Implementation through Online Distance Teaching and Learning in National Technical Training Institutions in Kenya (Doctoral dissertation, KeMU) 2023.
  [12] Hsieh, H. J. Blended Learning with Mobile Learning Tools in Financial Curricula: Challenges, Opportunities, and Implications for Student Engagement and Achievement. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, 22(12), 368-388, 2023.
  [13] Levitt, H. M., Bamberg, M., Creswell, J. W., Frost, D. M., Josselson, R., & Suárez-Orozco, C. (2018). Journal article reporting standards for qualitative primary, qualitative meta-analytic, and mixed methods research in psychology: The APA Publications and Communications Board task force report. American Psychologist, 73(1), pp1-26, 2018
  [14] Ndibalema, P. (2022). Constraints of transition to online distance learning in Higher Education Institutions during COVID-19 in developing countries: A systematic review. E-learning and Digital Media, 19(6), 595-618, 2022.
  [15] Bello, A., Deba, A. A., Yaduma, P. S., & Mohammed, S. A. A. Perceived Usefulness and Accessibility of Hypermedia Instructional Resources as Determinants for Teaching Digital Electronics Courses in Nigerian Universities. Int. J. Sci. Res. in Multidisciplinary Studies 10(9), pp 1-9, 2024
  [16] Bello, A., Deba, A. A., Yaduma, P. S., & Mohammed, S. A. A. Exploring the Benefits and Challenges of Hypermedia Instructional Resources in Enhancing Teaching and Learning Outcomes in Electrical/Electronic Technology Education in Northern Nigerian Universities. Int. J. Sci. Res. in Multidisciplinary Studies 11(1), pp 1-7, 2025.

  Citation
  Hussaina Isah Aliyu, Amina Muhammad Yunusa, Abdulaziz Bello, "Pedagogical Approaches and Institutional Readiness for Mobile Learning Integration in the Agricultural Education Curriculum of Undergraduate Students in Kano State Public Universities," International Journal of Scientific Research in Multidisciplinary Studies , Vol.11, Issue.4, pp.55-60, 2025

• Open Access   Article

  Sustainable Marketing Practices in 4PL Services: Evaluating the Perceptions and Behaviour of Customers towards Environmentally-Friendly Logistics Solutions

  P. Keerthivasan, D. Santhanakrishnan

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRMS)

  Vol.11 , Issue.4 , pp.61-66, Apr-2025

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  Abstract
  An abstract is a short summary of your research paper, usually about a paragraph (150-300 words) long. A well-written abstract can let readers get the essence of your paper, prepare readers to follow the detailed information, analyses, and arguments in your full paper, and help readers remember the key points. Note: -Special symbols, mathematical formulas, and equations are not allowed in the "Abstract" section. References should not be cited in the abstract.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  The authors must provide up to 6-8 keywords for indexing purposes (vital words of the article)

  References
  [1] Carter, C. R., and Rogers, D. S., "A framework of sustainable supply chain management: moving toward new theory," International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, vol. 38, no. 5, pp. 360–387, 2008.
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  [3] Langley, C. J., and Capgemini, "Third-Party Logistics Study: The State of Logistics Outsourcing," Capgemini Logistics Report, 2017.
  [4] Lammgård, C., "Environmental perspectives on marketing of freight transports: The case of the Swedish market," European Journal of Marketing, vol. 41, no. 5/6, pp. 621–638, 2007.
  [5] McKinnon, A., Browne, M., Whiteing, A., and Piecyk, M., "Green Logistics: Improving the Environmental Sustainability of Logistics," Kogan Page Publishers, vol. 2, no. 1, 2015.
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  [8] Peattie, K., and Belz, F. M., "Sustainability marketing – An innovative conception of marketing," Marketing Review St. Gallen, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 8–15, 2009.
  [9] Rushton, A., Croucher, P., and Baker, P., "The Handbook of Logistics and Distribution Management," Kogan Page Publishers, vol. 4, no. 1, 2014.
  [10] Terra Choice, "The Sins of Greenwashing: Home and Family Edition," Terra Choice Environmental Marketing Report, 2010.
  [11] Win, A., "The value a 4PL provider can contribute to an organisation," International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, vol. 38, no. 9, pp. 674–684, 2008.
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  [13] Zhu, Q., and Sarkis, J., "Relationships between operational practices and performance among early adopters of green supply chain management practices in Chinese manufacturing enterprises," Journal of Operations Management, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 265–289, 2004.

  Citation
  P. Keerthivasan, D. Santhanakrishnan, "Sustainable Marketing Practices in 4PL Services: Evaluating the Perceptions and Behaviour of Customers towards Environmentally-Friendly Logistics Solutions," International Journal of Scientific Research in Multidisciplinary Studies , Vol.11, Issue.4, pp.61-66, 2025

• Open Access   Article

  Determinants of Maternal Health in Rural Communities in Ondo State, Nigeria

  Adedara Gabriel Odunayo, Olalekan Odefadehan, Akinwalere Bosede O

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRMS)

  Vol.11 , Issue.4 , pp.67-75, Apr-2025

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  Abstract
  Maternal health encompasses the physical, emotional, and social well-being of women throughout their reproductive journey. It spans family planning, preconception, prenatal care, childbirth, and postnatal support, aiming to provide a positive experience while reducing maternal morbidity and mortality. This study examined the determinant of maternal health in rural communities in Ondo state Nigeria. Methods: A multistage sampling technique was used for this study. In the first stage. Owo, Akure South and Ondo West in Ondo State were purposively selected based on the top three highest maternal death distribution by Local Government Area in Ondo state. The second stage was the use of random sampling techniques to select four rural communities from each Local Government Area. The third stage was purposive selection of fifteen respondents (women of reproductive age, 15-49 years) from each rural community. The total sample size were 180 respondents used for this study. Primary data were collected through interview schedule. Descriptive statistics and regression model were used to analyze the data collected. Results: The study showed that a significant 88.3% of the respondents were married and 52.8% of respondents had secondary education which indicated a high level of literacy among women in the study area, enabling them to access and understand maternal health information, make informed decisions about their healthcare, and reduce the risk of maternal complications during delivery. The Factors affecting maternal health in the study area reveled that household size, maternal age, ANC visits, Education level, place of delivery, parity, and household income are the factor affecting maternal health. Conclusion: This study`s results offer valuable insights for policymakers and program developers seeking to improve maternal health outcomes in Ondo State. Addressing the key factors identified and boosting healthcare access and quality can lead to substantial reductions in maternal mortality.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Maternal health, socioeconomic characteristics, Antenatal care, primary health care, women of reproductive age

  References
  [1] K., Pawlak and, M, Ko?odziejczak. The Role of Agriculture in Ensuring Food Security in Developing Countries: Considerations in the Context of the Problem of Sustainable Food Production. Sustainability, Vol.12. issue 13. pp 54-88, 2020
  [2] K. M., Smith, C. C, Machalaba, R. Seifman, Y Feferholtz., and W. B. Karesh Infectious disease and economics: The case for considering multi-sectoral impacts. journal: One Health Publisher: Elsevier ,vol. 7, Issue 4 pp 100-110, 2019.
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  [4] O.Ramirez, L.Macarena, F.Leon-Larios, and I. C.Gutierrez. 2024. "Intervention Strategies to Reduce Maternal Mortality in the Context of the Sustainable Development Goals: A Scoping Review" Biomed Center Journal. Pregnancy Childbirth volume 4, issue 4: pp 387-405, 2024
  [5] J. A. Olamijulo,, G. Olorunfemi,, and Okunola, H.. Trends and causes of maternal death at the Lagos University teaching hospital, Lagos, Nigeria (2007-2019). Biomed Center Journal. pregnancy and childbirth, Vol 22, issue 1, pp 360-365, 2022
  [6] E, Okereke, S.M Ishaku, G Unumeri, B, Mohammed,B Ahonsi. Reducing maternal and newborn mortality in Nigeria a qualitative study of stakeholders` perceptions about the performance of community health workers and the introduction of community midwifery at primary healthcare level. Biomed Center Journal..Human Resource Health. Vol. 17, issue, pp102-106, 2019.
  [7] L. Oyeneyin, , T. Thomas van den Akker, , O., Obaado, O. Durojaiye, F. Akanbiemu., Y. Olagbuji, , I. Aladeniyi, M., Oyeneyin, and O. Aladenola. Confidential enquiries into maternal deaths in Ondo State, Nigeria - a comparative analysis. Public Medicine journal. Volume 19, issue 1, pp 514-518 .2019
  [8] A. Geleto, C. Chojenta, A. Musa, D. Loxton,.Barriers to access and utilization of emergency obstetric care at health facilities in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review of literature. Biomed Center Journal. System Review, Vol 7, pp 183-185.2018.
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  Hanson, C., and Malqvist, M. Mismatched ambition, execution and outcomes:implementing maternal death surveillance and response system in Mtwara region, Tanzania. Public Medicine journal global health, Vol. 6, issue 5, pp 50-54. 2021.
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  [11] A.W. Fantaye, F Okonofua., L Ntoimo., and. Y. A. Sanni qualitative study of community elders’ perceptions about the underutilization of formal maternal care and maternal death in rural Nigeria: Public Medicine journal Reproductive Health Vol 16, pp, 164-171, 2019.
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  Citation
  Adedara Gabriel Odunayo, Olalekan Odefadehan, Akinwalere Bosede O, "Determinants of Maternal Health in Rural Communities in Ondo State, Nigeria," International Journal of Scientific Research in Multidisciplinary Studies , Vol.11, Issue.4, pp.67-75, 2025