Volume-8 , Issue-2 , Feb 2022, ISSN 2454-9312 (Online), 2454-6143 (Print) Go Back

• Open Access   Article

  Examination of the Trend of Port Performance Using the Standard Indexes: A focus of Apapa Port Complex, Lagos, Nigeria

  T.C. Nwachukwu, M.S. Stephens, C.S. Okoli, C.U. Akpudo

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRMS)

  Vol.8 , Issue.2 , pp.1-6, Feb-2022

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  Abstract
  This study analyzed the impact of port performance on Nigeria economy, with a s focus on Apapa port Complex. Therefore, the objectives of the study are to examine the trend of port performance using the standard indexes and their relationship to the economic growth of the nation. The data for the study were sourced from Nigerian Ports Authority and Nigerian Shippers’ Council. The study revealed that the percentage contributions of port revenue to GDP was at its highest level of contribution in 2017 at 24.57%. The study shows a steady rise in the contribution per ton of cargo handled to revenue as shown by the trend line for prediction. The slope of the trend line is upward sloping from left to right with occasional peaks at intervals. Such intervals were recorded for 2002, 2008 and 2017. Cargo throughput and tons per ship in port were found to have a positive significant impact on economic growth of the nation while the influences of turnaround time and berth occupancy rate were not significant. The study therefore recommended that vessel gross registered tonnage should be used as the basis for assessing port dues since it has a positive significant impact on Nigerian economy.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Port Performance, Gross Domestic Product, Cargo Throughput, Turnaround Time

  References
  [1] R. Robinson, “Ports as elements in value-driven chain systems: the new paradigm” Journal of Maritime Policy & Management, Vol. 29, pp. 241- 255, 2012.
  [2] B. Halima, “Impact of port efficiency and productivity on the economy of Bangladesh: A case study of Chittagong port” A dissertation submitted to the World Maritime University in partiall fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree of master of science in martime affairs, 2003
  [3] S. A. Adeoye, “Economical Development in Shipping Industry”. A National Diploma (ND) project of certified Institute of shipping (CIS), . Published by Academia. edu., Nigeria, pp. 123- 131, 2013.
  [4] C. Calderon, & L. Serven, “Infrastructure and economic development in sub-saharan africa” Published by the world bank. India, 2008.
  [5] H. V. Meersman, & T. Vanelslander, “Future challenges for the port and shipping sector” Informa, 2010.
  [6] C. O. Richard, & O. Edith, “Port Revenue Performance and Economic Growth: The Nigerian Ports Authority Experience 2010 – 2019” Scientific Journal on Transport and Logistics, Vol. 11 No.2, pp. 1-11, 2020
  [7] S. Chang, “In Defense of Port Economic Impact Studies” Transp J., 1978
  [8] C. O. Richard, & O. Edith, “Port Revenue Performance and Economic Growth: The Nigerian Ports Authority Experience 2010 – 2019” Scientific Journal on Transport and Logistics, Vol. 11 No.2, pp. 1-11, 2020
  [9] V. Omoke, A. C. Aturu, O. R Nwaogbe, A. O. Ajiboye, & I. Diugwu, “Analysis of the Impact of Port Operations on Nigerian Economy: A Focus on Apapa Seaport” ResearchGate journal, 278-287, 2018.
  [10] B. Halima, “Impact of port efficiency and productivity on the economy of Bangladesh: A case study of Chittagong port” A dissertation submitted to the World Maritime University in partiall fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree of master of science in martime affairs, 2003
  [11] P. Marti, R. Sotiris, W. Chris, & M. D. Raul, “Performance trends of environmental management in European ports” ELSEVIER, 160, 2020
  [12] I. G. Dere, V. Omoke, J. A. Ojekunle, & O. R. Nwaogbe, “Assessment of Port Performance in Nigeria” International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Management (IJAEM), Vol. 3 issue.8, pp. 1854 – 1862, 2021
  [13] P. S. Deng, & H. Xiao, “Evaluation of the relevance measure between ports and regional economy using structural equation” In Transport Policy, pp. 123 -133, 2013.
  [14] J. Shan , M. Yu, & C. Lee, “An empirical investigation of the seaport’s economic impact: Evidence from major ports in China” .CrossRef Publiser, China, 2014.
  [15] S. Y. Chang, Y. Huang, K. Shang, & W. Chiang, “Impacts of regional integration and maritime transport on trade: With special reference to RCEP” Maritime Business Review, 2020.
  [16] A. M. Bottasso, M. Conti, C Ferrari, O. Merk, & A. Tei, “The impact of port throughput on local employment: Evidence from a panel of European regions” In Transport Policy, pp. 32-38, 2013.
  [17] I. Njoku, T. C. Nwachukwu, & B. S. Olisa, “Port Infrastructural Development and the Nigerian Economy” International Journal of Scientific Research in Multidisciplinary Studies, Vol. 7, Issue. 11, pp. 01- 12, 2021
  [18] Belay Seyoum, “Export Import Theory, Practices and Procedures”. UK: Routledge, 2009

  Citation
  T.C. Nwachukwu, M.S. Stephens, C.S. Okoli, C.U. Akpudo, "Examination of the Trend of Port Performance Using the Standard Indexes: A focus of Apapa Port Complex, Lagos, Nigeria," International Journal of Scientific Research in Multidisciplinary Studies , Vol.8, Issue.2, pp.1-6, 2022

• Open Access   Article

  Evaluation of the Cabotage Act Implementation in the Nigerian Maritime Industry

  O.E. Aguda, M.S. Stephens, P.U. Ofohaorji

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRMS)

  Vol.8 , Issue.2 , pp.7-15, Feb-2022

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  Abstract
  The maritime industry of any country is recognized as the orbit around which the economic development of that country revolves. Due to this fact, most maritime nations are quick to draft policies that assure protection from exploitation and dominance by foreigners. This study evaluates the implementation of Cabotage Act in the Nigerian Maritime Industry. Thus, the object of the study is to estimate the percentage share of the coastal and inland traffic carried by Nigerian flagged vessels; evaluate the percentage of labour engage in coastal and inland shipping that are Nigerians; and assess the percentage share of vessels involved in coastal and inland shipping that are made in Nigeria. The study relied on secondary data that were sourced from NIMASA. The data obtained were statistically analysed and presented using descriptive method of analysis. The findings revealed that there has not been much improvement in the fortunes of indigenous shippers in the country. The study is of the view that if Cabotage law is properly implemented, Nigeria will be able to maintain jobs and skills in an industry that is vital to its future.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Economic, Development, Exploitation, Cabotage, Implementation, Dominance, Maritime

  References
  [1] S. Ballack,”Eco-maritime Digest”. pp.6-7, 2005.
  [2] O. Ndikom, “Reforms, Essentials of port; The Nigerian experience. Lagos”: Bummico Press, Nigeria, 2005.
  [3] Y. Agidee, “Cabotage- The Nigerian Perspective”. 2001.
  [4] A. Akpan, “Maritime Cabotage Law Routledge”., 2018.
  [5] A.C. Casaca & D.V. Lyridis “Protectionist Vs Liberalised maritime cabotage policies”: A review. Maritime Business Review, 2018.
  [6] O. Adekola, “Elements of cabotage law in Nigeria: Towards integrating Nigeria into the world economic order”, Author House, 2018.
  [7] M. Igbokwe, “The New Cabotage Act: Its Intended Effect on the Local Shipping Industry``. Annual Maritime Seminar. Lagos: Nigerian Maritime Law Association, 2003.
  [8] O. Oyesiku and G.N. Chidi “Seafarers Training Programsand Employment Opportunities. Nigerian Maritime Resources Development”; Issues and Challenges, Vol.11, 2003.
  [9] O. Udeh, “Movement for Cabotage Regime in Nigeria maritime”, 2001.
  [10] M. Usoro, “Third Party Claims: An Appraisal of the NIMASA Act 2007”. a paper presented at the second strategic admiralty seminar for judges. Calabar, 2010..
  [11] I. Wilson, “Nigeria Opportunities in Nigeria`s Cabotage”, 2005.
  [12] A. Olukoju, “The “Liverpool” of West Africa: The Dynamic and Impact of Maritime Trade in Lagos” . Lagos: (Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press), 2004.
  [13] B. Bernard, “Cabotage: Still in the Woods”. “Cabotage: Still in the Woods”, Vol. 26, No. 1, 2010.
  [14] B. olowookere. “The effect of Cabotage regime on indigenous shipping in Nigeria” , 2011.
  [15] G. Biobaku, “Cabotage Regime in Nigeria- The Implementation Guidelines”, 2017.
  [16] A. Osemwegie, “An Analysis of the challenges hindering the Nigerian Cabotage Act. An Analysis of the challenges hindering the Nigerian Cabotage Act”, 2019.

  Citation
  O.E. Aguda, M.S. Stephens, P.U. Ofohaorji, "Evaluation of the Cabotage Act Implementation in the Nigerian Maritime Industry," International Journal of Scientific Research in Multidisciplinary Studies , Vol.8, Issue.2, pp.7-15, 2022

• Open Access   Article

  Perception of Public Senior Secondary School Students’ toward Wildlife Conservation in Akoko South-West Local Government Area of Ondo State, Nigeria

  M.M. Aduloju, T. Lebi

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRMS)

  Vol.8 , Issue.2 , pp.16-19, Feb-2022

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  The study was conducted to evaluate the Perception of Public Senior Secondary Schools Students in Akoko South West Local Government Area of Ondo State towards wildlife conservation, to know the impact of education on wildlife conservation and to assess the level of awareness of public senior secondary school students towards wildlife conservation. The primary source of data collection includes a self-constructed structured questionnaire and face to face interview which were used to obtain information from the students. A total of 510 respondents which were selected from 17 public senior secondary schools through simple random sampling techniques in which equal number of males and females participated in the research. The study made use of descriptive statistics to analyze the responses of the participants to the research questions in the study. Only 77 (15.2%) out of 500 strongly agreed they are exposed to wildlife education while just 67 (13.0%) out of the respondents understand the impact of wildlife conservation on economic growth. Students ignorance of wildlife conservation was not only the factor responsible for the poor perception as about 163 out of 500 of the respondents strongly agreed their level of awareness was based on the discussion with their teachers. It was realized in the research that preference to some course of study which enjoy high esteem in the society; Medicine, Law and so on, have contributed to poor perception, inadequate knowledge and low awareness of wildlife conservation. There should be increase in awareness about wildlife conservation, regular campaign on all social media and frequent orientation programs on the benefit of wildlife conservation are needed in schools. Likewise, the curricula should also capture the importance and measure imperative for enhancing positive perception of senior secondary schools’ students towards wildlife conservation

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Wildlife Conservation, Wildlife Education, Environmental degradation

  References
  [1] O. S. Agboola, “Environmental Education and Public Awareness.” Journal of Educational and Social Research MCSER Publishing, Rome-Italy. Vol. 4 No. 3: pp 333 – 338, 2014
  [2] K. Brandon, “?People, Parks, Forests or Fields: A Realistic View of Tropical Forest Conservation?”, Land Use Policy, 12: 137-44, 1995
  [3] F.A.O., “Global forest resources assessment 2000: main report. FAO Forestry Paper No. 140. Rome.” Available at www.fao.org/forestry/fo/fra/main/index.jsp). 2001
  [4] W. D., Newmark, N. L. Leonard, H. I. Sariko, M. GamassaDeo-gratias, “Conservation attitudes of local people living adjacent to five protected areas in Tanzania”: Biol. Conserv., 63: 177-183. 1993
  [5] A. Nji, “Why poor people remain poor. Key elements for poverty reduction and sustainable development Yeounde, Cameroon.” BumaK or Publishers. Pp 240. 2004
  [6] E. A. Tsi, Ajaganji, G. Wiegleb, “The willingness to pay for the conservation of wildlife animals: case of the Derby Eland (Taurotragus derbianus gigas) and the African wild dog (Lycanpictus) in North Cameroon.” International Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation Vol. 3(12), pp. 631-636, November 2011: Available online at: http://www.academicjournals.org/IJBC 2008
  [7] B.H.M. Elands, C.S.A van Koppen, “. “Indicators for the Convention on biodiversity 2010: public awareness and participation.” Werk. document 53.12. 2007
  [8] O. O. Olubanjo, E. A. Alade, M. A. Olubanjo, “Bacteriological Assessment of Boreholes and Wells Water in Akungba-Akoko, Nigeria.” Int. J. of Agriculture, Environment and Bioresearch. 3(6): 80-87 2018
  [9] U. D. Chima, P.G. Sobere, “Journal of Agriculture and Social Research (JASR) Vol. 11, No. 1 2011

  Citation
  M.M. Aduloju, T. Lebi, "Perception of Public Senior Secondary School Students’ toward Wildlife Conservation in Akoko South-West Local Government Area of Ondo State, Nigeria," International Journal of Scientific Research in Multidisciplinary Studies , Vol.8, Issue.2, pp.16-19, 2022

• Open Access   Article

  Gender Differences in Career Choice among Selected Adolescents of Bangladesh

  M. Nurul Islam

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRMS)

  Vol.8 , Issue.2 , pp.20-24, Feb-2022

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  Abstract
  The study was conducted under the research project of Inter Services Selection Board of Bangladesh to understand the job preferences especially preference on military profession of the adolescent youths of Bangladesh. However, this particular study is focused to find the gender difference in career choice among the Higher Secondary College level adolescents only. A total of 2916 adolescents of different colleges participated voluntarily in response to the predesigned questionnaire of this study. Gender differences in career choice were found through statistical analysis among the selected adolescent sample. The significant difference was found in seven professions out of thirteen chosen professions between male and female adolescent students of the country. Further in-depth study might be carried out to understand the basic causes of these differences. The present findings of this segmented study might be helpful for the educators, researchers and enthusiasts for career counseling of the adolescent youths/ young adults of college students.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Career Choice, Adolescent Youth, Students, Gender Differences

  References
  [1] N.M. Powlette, D.R. Young, “Career and other Factors influencing Postsecondary Decisions; Survey of High School Students in Alberta, Canada”, Journal of Technology Studies, Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 30-37, 1966.
  [2] A.D. Trice, N. McClellan, “Do children’s career aspirations predict adult occupation? Answer from a secondary analysis of a longitudinal study”, Psychological Reports, 72, 368-370, 1993.
  [3] D.A. Jepson, “Occupational Decision Development over the High School Years”, Journal of Vocation Behaviour, Vol. 8, pp. 227-238, 1975.
  [4] S.J. Correll, “Gender and the Career Choice Process: The Role of Biased Self-assessments”, American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 106, No. 6, pp. 1691-1730, 2001.
  [5] Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, “Statistics of Bangladesh-2019”, Statistics and Information Division [online] from https://bbs.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/bbs.portal.gov.bd/page/a1d32f13_8553_44f1_92e6_8ff80a4ff82e/2020-05-15-09-25-dccb5193f34eb8e9ed1780511e55c2cf.pdf, 2019.
  [6] R.K. Byron, “High Growth Fewer Jobs”, The Daily Star, Bangladesh [online] 17 August 2019, from https://www.thedailystar.net/frontpage/news/high-growth-fewer-jobs-1786315, 2019
  [7] A.A. Haider, “Demographic Dividend could turn into a Demographic Disaster”, The Daily Star, [online] 02 March 2019, from https://www.thedailystar.net/lifestyle/perspective/news/demographic-dividend-could-turn-demographic-disaster-1709272#:~:text=Bangladesh, 2019.
  [8] USAID Report-2017 on Adolescents in Bangladesh “A Situation Analysis of Programmatic Approaches to Sexual and Reproductive Health Education and Services”, http://evidenceproject.popcouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Bangladesh-ASRH-Report_January-2017.pdf, 2017.
  [9] Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, “Gender Statistics of Bangladesh-2018”, Statistics and Information [online] from https://bbs.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/bbs.portal.gov.bd/page/b343a8b4_956b_45ca_872f_4cf9b2f1a6e0/Gender%20Statistrics%20of%20Bangladesh%202018.pdf, 2018.
  [10] N.L. Galambos, S.A. Berenbaum, S.M. McHale, “Gender Development in Adolescence”, In R.M. Lerner & L. Steinberg (Eds.), Handbook of Adolescent Psychology (Vol-I): Individual Bases of Adolescent Development (3rd ed., pp. 305– 357), NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2009.
  [11] P.T. Costa, A. Terracciano, R.R. McCrae, “Gender Differences in Personality Traits across Cultures: Robust and Surprising Findings”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 81, No. 2, pp. 322–331, 2001.
  [12] J.S. Hyde, “The Gender Similarities Hypothesis”, American Psychologist, Vol. 60, pp. 581– 592, 2005.
  [13] S. Harter, “The Self”, In W. Damon, R.M. Lerner & N. Eisenberg (Eds.), Handbook of Child Psychology, Social, Emotional, and Personality Development (Vol. 3, Ed. 6, pp. 505– 570). NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2006.
  [14] L.A. Ricciardelli, M.P. McCabe, “A Biopsychosocial Model of Disordered Eating and the pursuit of Muscularity in Adolescent Boys”, Psychological Bulletin, 130, 179–205, 2004.
  [15] J.G. Parker, C.M. Low, A.R. Walker, B.K. Gamm, “Friendship Jealousy in Young Adolescents: Individual Differences and links to Sex, Self?esteem, Aggression, and Social Adjustment”, Developmental Psychology, Vol. 41, pp. 235– 250, 2005.
  [16] A.J. Rose, W. Carlson, E.M. Waller, “Prospective Association of Co?rumination with Friendship and Emotional Adjustment: Considering the Socio-emotional trade?offs of Co?rumination”, Developmental Psychology, Vol. 43, pp. 1019–1031, 2007.
  [17] S.M.M Ahmed, M.A.A. Majumder, R. Karim, S. Rahman, N. Rahman “Career Choices among Medical Students in Bangladesh”, Advances in Medical Education and Practice, Vol. 2, pp. 51-58, 2011.
  [18] S.M. Saifuddin, L. Dyke, M. Rasouli, “Factors affecting the Choice of High Tech Engineering Majors for University Women and Men in Bangladesh”, AMCIS Proceedings Submissions, The Association for Information Systems. https://aisel.aisnet.org/amcis2011_submissions/403, 2011.
  [19] M.E. Hossain, T. Siddique, “Career Preference of Business Graduate in Bangladesh: A Case Study of Some Selected Private Universities”, Asian Business Review, Vol. 1 No. 2. pp. 116-113, 2012.
  [20] P. Wesarat, M.Y. Sharif, A. Halim, A. Majid, “ Framework for Assessing Gender Influence on Career Choice of Undergraduate Students in Thailand”, BESSH-2016, Vol. 133, Issue-10, pp. 16-21, 2016.

  Citation
  M. Nurul Islam, "Gender Differences in Career Choice among Selected Adolescents of Bangladesh," International Journal of Scientific Research in Multidisciplinary Studies , Vol.8, Issue.2, pp.20-24, 2022

• Open Access   Article

  Future of Green Hydrogen in Steel Industry

  Bhawna Khalkho, Satyendra Sudershan, P. Saravanan, S. Srikanth

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRMS)

  Vol.8 , Issue.2 , pp.25-30, Feb-2022

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  Abstract
  Transition to a low-carbon world requires a transformation in the way iron and steel is manufactured. Hydrogen is quickly becoming a new player around the world for low-carbon/zero carbon emission fuel hence fulfilling the Paris Agreement. To achieve this, electrolysis of water with no carbon emissions – at a competitive price point is available. Other processes are also described such as Hydrogen Breakthrough Ironmaking Technology (HYBRIT), fluidized bed-hydrogen based DRI and plasma direct steel productions which are considered to be futuristic hydrogen based steel making, hence overcoming the conventional steelmaking. National Hydrogen Strategy (of Europe) focuses on green hydrogen instead of grey hydrogen is backed by international government has incorporated to introduce hydrogen into industrial processes to wide scale decarbonization and worldwide emissions reduction. India has the potential to bring down the cost of green hydrogen by using low-cost renewable generating plants and cost-curtailment experience gained through solar and wind reverse auctions. As hydrogen continues to become readily available, so will the opportunities to make industries green.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Hydrogen; Decarbonization; HYBRIT; National Hydrogen Strategy

  References
  [1] S. Sarkar, R. Bhattacharya, G.G. Roy, P.K. Sen, “Modeling MIDREX Based Process Configurations for Energy and Emission Analysis”, Steel Reserch International, Vol. 89, pp 248-252, 2018
  [2] M. Fischedick, J.Marzinkowski, P.Winzer, M.Weigel, “Techno-economic evaluation of innovative steel production technologies ”, Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 84, pp 563-580, 2014
  [3] D. Wagner, O. Devisme, F. Patisson, D. Ablitzer, “ A laboratory study of the reduction of iron oxides by hydrogen”, 2006 TMS Fall Extraction and Processing Division: Sohn International Symposium, U.S.A, pp 111–120, 2006
  [4] M. Arens, E. Worrell, W. Eichhammer, A. Hasanbeigi, Q. Zhang,” Pathways to a low-carbon iron and steel industry in the medium-term – the case of Germany” Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 163, pp 84–98, 2017
  [5] D. Rosenbloom,” Pathways: An emerging concept for the theory and governance of low-carbon transitions”, Glob. Environ., Vol. 43, pp 37–50, 2017
  [6] C. Bataille, M. Åhman, K Neuhoff, L.J Nilsson, M. Fischedick, S. Lechtenböhmer, B. Solano-Rodriquez, A. Denis-Ryan, S. Stiebert, H. Waisman, O. Sartor, S. Rahbar, “A review of technology and policy deep decarbonization pathway options for making energy-intensive industry production consistent with the Paris Agreement” Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 187, pp 960–973, 2018
  [7] Basak Anameric & S. Komar Kawatra, “Properties And Features of Direct Reduced Iron”, Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review, Vol. 28, pp 59-116, 2007
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  [9] Pauliuk, S.; Milford, R.L.; Müller, D.B.; Allwood, J.M. “The steel scrap age”, Environ. Sci. Technol. , Vol. 47, pp 3448–3454, 2013
  [10] L Weger, A. Abánades, T. Butler, “Methane cracking as a bridge technology to the hydrogen economy” International Journal of Hydrogen Energy , Vol 42, pp 720–731, 2017
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  [12] O.A. Teplov, “ Kinetics of the low-temperature hydrogen reduction of magnetite concentrates”, Russian Metall., Vol. 51, pp 8–21, 2012
  [13] I.W. Wang, D.A. Kutteri, B. Gao, H. Tian, J. Hu, “Methane Pyrolysis for Carbon Nanotubes and COx -Free H2 over Transition-Metal Catalysts”, Energy and Fuels, Vol. 33, pp 197–205, 2019
  [14] A. Bode, D.W. Agar, K. Büker, V. Göke, M. Hensmann, U. Janhsen, D. Klingler, J. Schlichting, S.A. Schunk, “Research cooperation develops innovative technology for environmentally sustainable syngas production from carbon dioxide and hydrogen” 20th World Hydrogen Energy Conference, Vol. 2, pp. 1145–1152, 2014
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  Citation
  Bhawna Khalkho, Satyendra Sudershan, P. Saravanan, S. Srikanth, "Future of Green Hydrogen in Steel Industry," International Journal of Scientific Research in Multidisciplinary Studies , Vol.8, Issue.2, pp.25-30, 2022

• Open Access   Article

  Investigation of Phytochemical Properties of Cardiospermum halicacabum L. – An Anti-Rheumatic Plant

  R. Murugan, G. Kanimozhi, B. Anandharaj, M. Sathya

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRMS)

  Vol.8 , Issue.2 , pp.31-34, Feb-2022

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  Abstract
  Plants are an essential source for treating a wide range of human and animal illnesses. As a result, current technologies must be used to scientifically confirm the biological activity of the selected plants. The medicinal plant Cardiospermum halicacabum is traditionally used in India and Southeast Asia. It possesses antibacterial, pain-relieving, antibiotic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer effects, among others. Diabetes, arthritis, limb stiffness, rheumatism, muscle pain, earache, and fever are all popular uses. Due to the solubility of phytocompounds such as polyphenols and flavonoids in various solvents, the type of solvent and polarity have a significant impact on the antioxidant activity of extracts. The main aim of this present study was to screen phytochemical constituents from leaves of C. halicacabum. Shade dried plant materials were extracted with petroleum ether, chloroform and methanol by using Soxhlet apparatus until the decolorization of the solvents. Screening of phytochemicals was performed using standard methods and resulted in the detection of the presence alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, tannins, carbohydrates, saponins, glycosides, protein, amino acid and anthroquinones. To assess their pharmacological potential and identify the structures of the bioactive chemicals responsible for their activities, more research with these plants is needed.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  C. halicacabum, Medicinal plants, Phytochemicals, Alkaloids and Flavonoids

  References
  [1] D. Hassawi, A. Kharma, “Antimicrobial activity of some medicinal plants against Candida albicans,” Journal of Biological Sciences, Vol.6, Issue.1, pp.109-114, 2006.
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  [3] J. Parekh, D. Jadeja, S. Chanda, “Efficacy of aqueous and methanol extracts of some medicinal plants for potential antibacterial activity”, Turkish Journal of Biology, Vol.29, Issue.4, pp.203-210, 2006.
  [4] V.N. Kadali, K.R. Kindangi, P.S. Rao, B.V. Sandeep, “Wonder Herbs Having Anti Asthmatic Activity Present in West Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh, India-A Mini Review”, Advances in Biology. Biotechnology and Genetics, Vol.3, Issue.(01), pp.01-06, 2016.
  [5] R.Murugan, G. Kanimozhi, M. Sathya, B. Anandharaj, “Evaluation of preliminary phytochemical screening of five important medicinal plants in euphorbiaceae family”, International Journal of Botany Studies, Vol.7, Issue.1: pp.277-280, 2022.
  [6] D. Shanmughanandhan, S. Ragupathy, S.G. Newmaster, S. Mohanasundaram, R. Sathishkumar, “Estimating herbal product authentication and adulteration in India using a vouchered, DNA-based biological reference material library”, Drug safety, Vol.39, Issue,12, pp.1211-1227, 2016.
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  [8] J. Parekh, S. Chanda, “In vitro antimicrobial activity and phytochemical analysis of some Indian medicinal plants” Turkish Journal of Biology, Vol.31, Issue.1, pp.53-58, 2007.
  [9] S.K. Paswan, S. Srivastava, C.V. Rao, “Wound healing activity of ethanolic extract of Selaginella bryopteris on rats” Pharmacognosy Journal, Vol.12, Issue.2, pp.335-341, 2020.
  [10] S.N. Suresh, S. Rathishkumar, V. Rajeshwari, P. Sagadevan, S. Gayathri, D.V. Eswari, “Phytochemical analysis and antibacterial potential of Cardiospermum halicacabum Linn. (Sapindaceae)”, International Journal of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Vol.3, Issue.12, pp.2209-2212, 2012.
  [11] M.H. Huang, S.S. Huang, B.S. Wang, C.H. Wu, M.J. Sheu, W.C. Hou, S.S. Lin, G.J. Huang, “Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of Cardiospermum halicacabum and its reference compounds ex vivo and in vivo”, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, Vol.133, Issue.2, pp.743-750, 2011.
  [12] S.K. Karuppannan, R. Ramalingam, S.M. Khalith, M.J.H. Dowlath, G.D. Raiyaan, K.D. Arunachalam, “Characterization, antibacterial and photocatalytic evaluation of green synthesized copper oxide nanoparticles”, Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology, Vol.31, pp.101904, 2021.
  [13] M.C. Jong, U. Ermuth, M. Augustin, “Plant-based ointments versus usual care in the management of chronic skin diseases: a comparative analysis on outcome and safety”, Complementary Therapies in Medicine, Vol.21, Issue.5, pp.453-459, 2013.
  [14] M.A. Deshmukh, M.A. Theng, “Phytochemical screening, quantitative analysis of primary and secondary metabolites of Acacia arabica bark.” International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Research, Vol.10, Issue.2, pp.35-37, 2018.
  [15] J. Parekh, D. Jadeja, S. Chanda, “Efficacy of aqueous and methanol extracts of some medicinal plants for potential antibacterial activity”, Turkish Journal of Biology, Vol.29, Issue.4, pp.203-210, 2006.
  [16] B. Vinoth, R. Manivasagaperumal, “Phytochemical analysis and antibacterial activity of Cardiospermum halicacabum Linn.”, The International Journal of Current Science and Technology, Vol.2, Issue.1, pp.9-12, 2013.
  [17] T. Deepan, V. Alekhya, P. Saravanakumar, M.D. Dhanaraju, “Phytochemical and anti-microbial studies on the leaves extracts of Cardiospermum halicacabum Linn.”, Advances in Biological Research, Vol.6, Issue.1, pp.14-18, 2012.
  [18] S.M. Kumar, V. Jiju, D. Chamundeeswari, “Investigation of phytoconstituents of Cardiospermum halicacabum and its efficacy as a potential anti-cancer drug candidate”, Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics, Vol.9, Issue.4-s, pp.252-257, 2019.
  [19] J. Preethi, L. Chitra, T. Palvannan, “Anti-gout effect of Cardiospermum halicacabum through antioxidant and xanthine oxidase inhibition property”, Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Vol.7, Issue.2, pp.1300-1304, 2018.

  Citation
  R. Murugan, G. Kanimozhi, B. Anandharaj, M. Sathya, "Investigation of Phytochemical Properties of Cardiospermum halicacabum L. – An Anti-Rheumatic Plant," International Journal of Scientific Research in Multidisciplinary Studies , Vol.8, Issue.2, pp.31-34, 2022

• Open Access   Article

  Comparative Studies on the Proximate and Sensory Properties of Cookies Produced From Composite Flours of Wheat, Malted and Unmalted African Yam Bean

  C.N. Nwakalor

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRMS)

  Vol.8 , Issue.2 , pp.35-40, Feb-2022

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  Abstract
  Cookies were produced from the composite flours of wheat, malted and unmalted African yam bean. The proximate and sensory evaluation of the cookies produced from blends of wheat flour, malted and unmalted African yam bean flour were determined. Malted and unmalted African yam bean flour were prepared and used at varying proportions in the production of cookies. The sensory qualities of cookies were evaluated using a 9- point Hedonic scale. The results showed that there were significant difference (P<0.05) in the colour, texture, aroma, taste and overall acceptability of the control samples and samples produced from 90% wheat flour and 10% malted AYB flour as well as the sample produced from 60% wheat flour and 40% unmalted AYB flour. These three samples were then subjected to proximate analysis using standard methods. The result revealed that there were significant difference in the moisture, ash, fats, protein, fiber and carbohydrate content of the samples which ranged from 6.00-12.00%, 5.00-6.00%, 5.03-9.00%, 13.43-22.60%, 6.50-14.00% and 42.50-63.39 respectively. The sample produced from 60% wheat flour and 40% unmalted AYB flour had the highest protein percentage (22.60) and ash (6.00) content while the sample produced from 90% wheat flour and 10% malted AYB flour had the least fat (5.03%), protein (13.43%) and fiber content (6.50%). The nutrient composition and sensory properties of wheat-African yam bean cookies showed that African yam bean flour (malted and unmalted) could be used as a partial substitute for wheat flour, thus providing an alternative means of diversifying the use of non-wheat flour.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  cookies, proximate composition, sensory evaluation, wheat flour, malted, unmalted and African yam bean flour.

  References
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  [3] M.A.B.Azeke, H. Fretzdorft, Buencing – Pfare, W. Holzapfel, Betsche, “Nutritional value of African yam bean (Spenostylis stenocarpa): Improvement by Lactic acid fermentation,” J. Food Sci. Agric. 85(2): 963-970, 2005.
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  [5] C.E.Ikpeme,C.Eneji,G.Igile, “Nutritional and Organoleptic Properties of Wheat (Triticumaestivum) and Beniseed (Sesame indicum) Composite Flour Baked Foods,” Journal of Food Research, 1, 84-91,2012.
  [6] M.O.Iwe, “A handbook of sensory methods and analysis,” Pub. Ro-jaunt Comm. Ser. Ltd., Enugu, Nigeria. 1-73, 2002.
  [7] J.N.Nwosu, “Evaluation of the Proximate Composition and Antinutritional Properties of African Yam Bean (Sphenostylis sternocarpa) Using Malting Treatment,” International Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2, 157-169, 2013.
  [8] I.C.Nzelu, “Effect of roasting and palm kernel nuts addition on the nutrient quality of African yam bean (Sphenostylis stenocarpa),” J. Sci. Technol. 14: 49 – 53, 2008.
  [9] N.E. Obasi, N. Uchechukwu, E, Eke-Obia, “Production and Evaluation of Biscuits from African Yam Bean (Sphenostylis stenocarpa) and Wheat (Triticum aestivum) Flours,” Journal of Food Science and Quality Management, 7(2): 2-12, 2012.
  [10] C.Obi, C. Nwakalor, “Production and Sensory Evaluation of Biscuits Using the Composite Flours of African Yam Bean and Wheat Flour,” Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology; 9(11): 83-84, 2015.
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  [12] J.I.Okoye, C.D.Obi,“Nutrient composition and sensory properties of wheat-
  African bread fruit composite flour cookies,” Sky Journal of Food Science,Vol. 6(3), pp. 027 – 032, 2017.
  [13] O.A.Olaoye, A.A. Onilude ,C.O Oladoye, “Breadfruit flour in biscuit making,” Afr. J. Food Sci. Pp. 20-23, 2007.
  [14] O.A.Olaoye, S.C. Ubbor, V.O. Okoro,I.G. Lawrence, “Performance of Malted Maize Flour as Composite of Wheat in the Production of Cake,”.American Journal of Agricultural Science; 2(3): 126-132, 2015
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  [17] M.Ojukwu, I. Olawuni ,J.O. Iwouno, “The Proximate Composition and Functional Properties of Full?Fat Flour, and Protein Isolate of Lima Bean (Phaseolus lunatus),” Open Access Sci. Rep. 1:1–5, 2012.

  Citation
  C.N. Nwakalor, "Comparative Studies on the Proximate and Sensory Properties of Cookies Produced From Composite Flours of Wheat, Malted and Unmalted African Yam Bean," International Journal of Scientific Research in Multidisciplinary Studies , Vol.8, Issue.2, pp.35-40, 2022

• Open Access   Article

  Investigating the Effect of Exercise on Extracellular Vesicles-Induced Muscle Cell Proliferation Using RNA Sequencing

  Catherine A. Ohiemi, Ryan C. Pink

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRMS)

  Vol.8 , Issue.2 , pp.41-46, Feb-2022

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  Abstract
  Consistent physical exercise is beneficial to systemic health, and thus averts many age-related degenerative diseases. Exercise stimulates the release of molecules into the circulation, supporting the theory that inter-tissue signaling proteins are essential mediators of adaptations to exercise. Also, muscle cell-derived Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) are identified as powerful mediators of cellular differentiation, proliferation, and metabolism. This study is focused on the use of RNA Sequencing to explain the effect of exercise on extracellular vesicles-induced muscle cell proliferation. Selected persons were moderately exercised on a stationary bike for 30 minutes. Their blood samples were collected before and 30 minutes after the end of the intervention. Collection of EVs from the participants’ blood sample was done in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) from Sigma Aldrich. The total number of participants recruited for the study that generated the RNA sequence data comprised of 3 males and 3 females between 20 – 40 years. Result shows that a total number of 2618 genes were annotated. Further annotation of the genes revealed nine candidate genes involved in proliferation. It was seen that the Neb gene which is largely present in muscle cells and accounts for its structural and functional purpose had a 25 fold change in dataset and thus made it an interesting gene to look into since there has been no report of its involvement in cell proliferation. Having identified the NEB gene and with the decision to explore further, it was discovered that Exon 1 was greatly expressed in the RNAseq data.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Cellular, EVs, gene, molecular, physiological, RNA-seq

  References
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  [3] C. Fruhbeis, D. Frohlich, W.P. Kuo, J. Amphornrat, S. Thilemann, A.S. Saab, et al., “Neurotransmitter-Triggered Transfer of Exosomes Mediates Oligodendrocyte-Neuron Communication,” Plos Biology, Vol.11, Issue.7B, 2013.
  [4] Y. Takahashi, M. Nishikawa, H. Shinotsuka, Y. Matsui, S. Ohara, T. et al., “Visualization and in vivo tracking of the exosomes of murine melanoma B16-BL6 cells in mice after intravenous injection,” Journal of Biotechnology, Vol.165, Issue.2, pp.77-84B, 2013.
  [5] I. Parolini, C. Federici, C. Raggi, L. Lugini, S. Palleschi, A. De Milito, et al., “Microenvironmental pH Is a Key Factor for Exosome Traffic in Tumor Cells,” Journal of Biological Chemistry, Vol.284, Issue.49, pp. 34211-34222, 2009.
  [6] C. Fruhbeis, S. Helmig, S. Tug, P. Simon, E.M. Kramer-Albers, “Physical exercise induces rapid release of small extracellular vesicles into the circulation,” Journal of Extracellular Vesicles, Vol.4. 2015. doi: 10.3402/jev.v4.28239.
  [7] J.M. Spinazzola, E. Gussoni, “Exosomal Small Talk Carries Strong Messages from Muscle Stem Cells,” Cell Stem Cell, Vol.20, Issue.1, pp. 1-3, 2017.
  [8] A. Savina, M. Furlan, M. Vidal, M. I. Colombo, “Exosome release is regulated by a calcium-dependent mechanism in K562 cells,” Journal of Biological Chemistry, Vol.278, Issue.22, pp. 20083-20090, 2003.
  [9] B.H. Sung, T. Ketova, D. Hoshino, A. Zijlstra, A.M. Weaver, “Directional cell movement through tissues is controlled by exosome secretion,” Nature Communications, Vol.6, 2015. doi: 10.1038/ncomms8164.
  [10] A. Zomer, J. Van Rheenen, “Implications of Extracellular Vesicle Transfer on Cellular Heterogeneity in Cancer: What Are the Potential Clinical Ramifications,” Cancer Research, Vol.76, Issue.8, pp. 2071-2075, 2016.
  [11] S.E. Headland, H.R. Jones, A.S.V. D’Sa, M. Perretti, L.V. Norling, “Cutting-Edge Analysis of Extracellular Microparticles using ImageStreamX Imaging Flow Cytometry,” Sci. Rep., Vol.4, p.5237, 2015
  [12] N.Z.M. Eichner, U. Erdbrügger, S.K. Malin, “Extracellular Vesicles: A Novel Target for Exercise-Mediated Reductions in Type 2 Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease Risk,” J. Diabetes Res., 7807245, 2018.
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  [18] K.A. Lansford, D.D. Shill, A.B. Dicks, M.P. Marshburn, W.M. Southern, N.T. Jenkins, “Effect of acute exercise on circulating angiogenic cell and microparticle populations,” Exp. Physiol., Vol.101, pp.155–167, 2016.
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  [20] E.N. Wilhelm, J. González-Alonso, C. Parris, M. Rakobowchuk, “Exercise intensity modulates the appearance of circulating microvesicles with proangiogenic potential upon endothelial cells,” Am. J. Physiol. Hear Circ. Physiol., Vol.311, pp.H1297–H1310, 2016. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.00516.2016
  [21] J. Denham, S.J. Spencer, “Emerging roles of extracellular vesicles in the intercellular communication for exercise-induced adaptations,” Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab., Vol.319, E320 –E329, 2020. doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00215.2020.
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  Citation
  Catherine A. Ohiemi, Ryan C. Pink, "Investigating the Effect of Exercise on Extracellular Vesicles-Induced Muscle Cell Proliferation Using RNA Sequencing," International Journal of Scientific Research in Multidisciplinary Studies , Vol.8, Issue.2, pp.41-46, 2022

• Open Access   Article

  Employee Training On Quality Of Service In The Hotel Industry In Ghana: A Case Study Of Selected Hotels In The Greater Accra Region Of Ghana

  S. Appiah-Kubi

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRMS)

  Vol.8 , Issue.2 , pp.47-52, Feb-2022

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  Abstract
  In Ghana, the high labour turnover, coupled with a rising rate of customer complaints, is one of the major reasons for the poor performance in the hospitality sector. This brings to light the purpose of this research: to investigate the impact of employee training on the quality of service in the hotel industry in Ghana. The quantitative survey research method was adopted for the study. The researcher then sampled three hotels in the Greater Accra region and successfully administered 120 questionnaires to participants engaged in the study. This includes 30 hotel employees and 90 customers of the selected hotels. The Likert scale questionnaire was used for data collection. The study revealed that orientation training is the most used form of training of employees, recording 100 percent quality in delivery in the hotel industry. Other forms of training are poorly used because of associated cost and technicality. Also, the study found out that the service quality in the three selected hotels was below the accepted level, as the mean average of response was below 4, indicating poor service quality. Another finding from the data analysis indicated that staff of the selected hotel have low skill sets in terms of service quality due to limited training, which focused on orientation training. The study recommended that future studies be carried out to examine the impact of computerization on hotel operations on service quality in Ghana.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Training; Employee; Hospitality; Industry; Hotel

  References
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  [5] P.Elmokadem, “Types of Employee Training Programs for good performance.,” 2019.
  [6] D. D. Sasu., “Annual contributions of hotels and restaurants to GDP in Ghana 2013-2020.,” 2021.
  [7] J. A.Ampofo, “Contributions of the Hospitality Industry (Hotels) In the Development of Wa Municipality in Ghana,” International Journal of Advanced Economics,, Vols. . 2(2),, pp. 21-38., 2020.
  [8] T. Schulz, “ Investment in Human Capital,” .The American Economic Review , vol. 5 (15), pp. 1-17, 1967.
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  [10] L.R., Gomez-Mejia D.B.Balking , &R.L Cardy ., Employee training in the hotel sector, Upper saddle river,: NJ: Prentice Hall., 2007.
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  [13] M. Waqanimaravu. and C. N. Arasanmi, “Employee training and service quality in the hospitality industry,” Journal of Foodservice Business Research, vol. 23:3, pp. 216-227., 2020.
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  [15] M. Armstrong, A handbook of human resource management practice, 10th ed. ed., London: Kogan Page, 2006.
  [16] ,R. L.,Desimone r, J.M.Werne and D.M. Harris, Human Resource Development., 3 ed ed., Orlando,: Harcourt College Publishers, 2002.
  [17] Govindaraj, B. Anandan and M., ““The Effects Of Complex Training With Muscular Strength Endurance And Flexibility On The Low Motor Abilities Young Children.,” ” International Journal of Scientific Research in Multidisciplinary Studies, vol. Vol.1, no. Issue.4,, pp. 39-42, 2017.
  [18] G.Anwar, and B.Abd Zebari,, “The Relationship between Employee Engagement and Corporate Social Responsibility: A Case Study of Car Dealership in Erbil, Kurdistan.,” International Journal of Social Sciences & Educational Studies, vol. 2 (2), p. 45., 2015.
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  [20] E.Gracia, . E, Cifre,., and R.Grau,, Service quality: The key role of service climate and service, 2010.
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  [22] S.H. H..Abdelhamied, “The Impact of Training Activities on Quality of Service, Customer Satisfaction and Behavioral Intention,” Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Management, vol. 1, no. pp. 135-148, p. 7, 2019.
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  Citation
  S. Appiah-Kubi, "Employee Training On Quality Of Service In The Hotel Industry In Ghana: A Case Study Of Selected Hotels In The Greater Accra Region Of Ghana," International Journal of Scientific Research in Multidisciplinary Studies , Vol.8, Issue.2, pp.47-52, 2022

• Open Access   Article

  Review On Battery Management System In Eleectric Vehicles

  P. Mounika

  Review Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRMS)

  Vol.8 , Issue.2 , pp.53-58, Feb-2022

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  Abstract
  Most elegant response to the ongoing environmental issues as well as an increasing demand of more efficient, sustainable, and less polluting vehicles, has been inevitable during these recent years. Also Limited supply of fossil fuels and their destructive impacts on the environment has led us to search for an alternative transportation propulsion system, which emits less pollutants and consumes less fossil fuel as well. The most popular solution appears to be an electric hybrid vehicle with a great and efficient battery management. Battery management systems (BMS) is often used in electric vehicle to monitor and control the charging and discharging of rechargeable batteries which makes the operation more economical. Battery management system keeps the battery safe, reliable and increases the senility without entering damaging state. (BMS) while they are providing necessary power. The battery installed in an electric vehicle should not only provide long lasting energy but also provide high power sufficient to make it viable. Lead-acid, Lithium-ion, -metal hydride are the most used traction batteries of all these traction batteries lithium-ion is most used because of its advantages and its performance. To maintain the state of the battery, voltage, current, ambient temperature different monitoring techniques are used. For monitoring purpose already obtained data from different analogue/digital sensors with microcontrollers are used. This ongoing project identifies and deals with various factors like state of charge, state of health, and state of life and maximum capacity of a battery. By analysing all these various future challenges and possible solutions that can be obtained.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Electric vehicles, Battery Management System, State of charge estimation, State of Health Estimation

  References
  [1] Liu, K., Li, K., Peng, Q. et al. A brief review on key technologies in the battery management system of electric vehicles. Front. Mech. Eng. 14, 47–64 (2019)
  [2] Abada S, Marlair G, Lecocq A, et al. Safety focused modeling of lithium-ion batteries: A review. Journal of Power Sources, 2019, 306: 178–192
  [3] Uma Sabareesh, V & Karthick, K 2019, ‘Solar PV based Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Drive for Water Pumping Application’, International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering (IJITEE), Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering & Sciences Publication, Vol. 8, No. 9, pp. 837-843
  [4] H.J. Bergveld, Battery Management Systems Design by Modeling, 2019, ISBN 9074445-51-9 (2)
  [5] D. Bell, “A battery management system,” Master’s thesis, School Eng., Univ. Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia, 2020.
  [6] Hakeem, A.A.; Solyali, D. Empirical Thermal Performance Investigation of a Compact Lithium-Ion Battery Module under Forced Convection Cooling. Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 3732.
  [7] Tseng, Y.H.; Yang, Y.P. Torque and Battery Distribution Strategy for Saving Energy of an Electric Vehicle with Three Traction Motors. Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 2653.
  [8] M. K. Andreev, "An Overview of Supercapacitors as New Power Sources in Hybrid Energy Storage Systems for Electric Vehicles," 2020 XI National Conference with International Participation (ELECTRONICA), 2021, pp. 1-4, doi:10.1109/ELECTRONICA50406.2020.9305104.
  [9] W. Lhomme, P. Delarue, P. Barrade, A. Bouscayrol, and A. Rufer, “Design and control of a supercapacitor storage system for traction applications,” in Conference Record of the 2005 Industry Applications Conference, Oct. 2021, pp. 2013-2020.
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  Citation
  P. Mounika, "Review On Battery Management System In Eleectric Vehicles," International Journal of Scientific Research in Multidisciplinary Studies , Vol.8, Issue.2, pp.53-58, 2022