Volume-7 , Issue-10 , Oct 2021, ISSN 2454-9312 (Online), 2454-6143 (Print) Go Back

• Open Access   Article

  Prevalence of sexual violence against Children during COVID-19 lockdown in Ibadan, Nigeria

  D.O. Adeyanju

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRMS)

  Vol.7 , Issue.10 , pp.1-7, Oct-2021

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  Prior to the outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic, sexual violence against children had become a global social and health burden. The lockdown, which was one of the major strategies adopted to contain the spread of the pandemic, had led to increased prevalence of sexual violence perpetrated by deviant adults against children ostensibly as a result of being forced to stay for longer times together at home. This study appraised the prevalence of sexual violence against children during COVID-19 lockdown in Ibadan metropolis. The multi-stage sampling technique was used to select 200 respondents from two purposively sampled local government areas, which were Ibadan North Local Government and Ibadan North-West Local Government Areas. Questionnaires were administered on the selected respondents, and in-depth interview were also conducted with some NGOs and health workers in the metropolis. Descriptive statistics such as frequency and percentages were used for data analysis, and chi-square goodness-of-fit test was conducted to test the hypotheses. The study showed that there was increased prevalence of sexual violence against children during the COVID-19 lockdown; perpetrators were mostly known to the victims; most victims were children under 18 years of age; the lockdown had made children more vulnerable to sexual violence; many of the cases were not reported to the police; and perpetrators were not adequately and decisively punished. To improve the protection of the children against sexual violence, community awareness and enlightenment should be intensified, why functional channels of reporting should be created. There is also the need for institutional empowerment and strengthening of the legal system to ensure stiff penalty for perpetrators of sexual violence against children to serve as deterrence for others. Furthermore, issues of child protection and development should be adequately considered in government policies, particularly in the event of future occurrence of pandemic of COVID-19 magnitude.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Prevalence, Sexual violence, Covid-19, Lockdown, Children, Ibadan Nigeria

  References
  [1] WHO, “WHO announces COVID-19 outbreak a pandemic”. Europe: World Health Organization. 2020.
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  [6] Lawal, M., “COVID-19 has exposed Nigeria’s Sexual Violence Menace”. Nigeria Health Watch; July 2, 2020.
  [7] Sserwanja, Q.; Kawuki, J. & Kim, J.H., “Increased Child abuse in Uganda amidst COVID-19 Pandemic”. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, Vol. 57, No. 2, pp. 188-191, 2020.
  [8] Adepoju, P., “Coming to Terms with COVID-19 in one of Nigeria’s Major Cities”. Health Policy Watch, 29 July, 2020.
  [9] WHO, “World report on violence and health”. (Geneva: World Health Organization, 2002), Chapter 6, pp. 149, 2002.
  [10] ICC, “Elements of crimes: Crimes against humanity of sexual violence, elements 1”. Article 7(1)(g)-6. ICC-ASP/1/3(part II-B), p. 6, 2002.
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  [13] UNICEF, “Sexual violence against children”, p. 2, 2020.
  [14] Rana, S.M., “The World Health System and COVID-19”; UN Chronicle, 13 July, 2020.
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  [16] Leslie, E. & Wilson, R., “Sheltering in Place and Domestic Violence: Evidence from calls for service during COVID-19”. Journal of Public Economics, Vol. 189, 2020.
  [17] UNICEF, “covid-19 and its implications for protecting children online”. 2020.
  [18] UN Women (2020): “Gender-Based Violence in Nigeria during the COVID-19 Crisis: the Shadow Pandemic”, May 4, 2020.
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  [20] Agwan, C., “COVID-19 Lockdown contributory factors for increased rape cases – Bauchi Commissioner for Justice”, Vanguard, 5 June, 2020.
  [21] Sahara Reporters, “66-YearOld Man who Lures, Rapes Children with Chocolate Arrested in Yobe State”; Sahara Reporters, 4 June, 2020.
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  Citation
  D.O. Adeyanju, "Prevalence of sexual violence against Children during COVID-19 lockdown in Ibadan, Nigeria," International Journal of Scientific Research in Multidisciplinary Studies , Vol.7, Issue.10, pp.1-7, 2021

• Open Access   Article

  Impact of Concession Regime on the Performance of Nigerian Seaports

  I. Njoku, C.C. Ibe

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRMS)

  Vol.7 , Issue.10 , pp.8-15, Oct-2021

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  This study examines the impact of concession regime on the performance of Nigerian seaports. The essence is to find out if the landlord port model adopted in 2006 is better than the service port model used since 1956. Data were mainly derived from the Nigerian Port Authority abstract of ports operation statistics. The study used the t-test statistic to analyse the general port performance using cargo throughput, turnaround time and berth occupancy ratio as variables. A sample of six (6) major ports in Nigeria were analysed to rank and compare their pre- and post-concession efficiencies. The study relied on input-oriented Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) model, using Ship traffic and Cargo throughput as inputs; and Total Number of Equipment, Berth length, Total Number of Berth and Total Number of Staff as outputs. The study revealed a fluctuation in cargo movement during pre-concession era while the throughput continues to increase unabated during the post concession era. The analysis also revealed that there is a significant difference between turnaround time during pre and post concession periods and that there is no significant difference between pre and post concession berth occupancy. The Onne port with an average of 86.80% was ranked the most efficient while Calabar was the least with 42.27% efficiency level. This study recommends that the government should encourage public ownership and private sector operations of the port infrastructure in Nigeria.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Regime, concession, performance, model, throughput, infrastructure, efficiency

  References
  [1] C. Crampes and A. Estache, ‘Regulatory Tradeoffs in Designing Concession Contracts for Infrastructure Networks’, World Bank/Economic Development Institute, Policy Research Working Paper, 1854, Washington DC, 1997.
  [2] O. R. Nwaogbe, A. Pius., A. Abduljeli, and H. H. Alharahsheh, “An empirical study of Nigerian seaports operational performance”. Transport & Logistics: the International Journal, Vol. 20, Issue 48, ISSN 2406-1069, 2020,
  [3] O. M. Olapoju. “Assessing the Contribution of Containerization to the Development of Western Ports, Lagos Nigeria” Journal of International Logistics and Trade, Vol. 17, No.1, pp.12-20, 2019.
  [4] K. P. B Cullinane and T. F. Wang, ‘Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and Improving Container Port Efficiency’ in Brooks, M. R. and Cullinane, K. (ed.) Devolution, Port Governance and Performance, Elsevier, London. 2007.
  [5] K. P. B. Cullinane, T. F. Wang and D. W. Song, “Container Port Production and Economic Efficiency”, Basingstoke: Palgrave-Macmillan, 2005.
  [6] Z. Liu, “The Comparative Performance of Public and Private Enterprise. The Case of British Ports”, Journal of Transport Economics and Policy, Vol. 29, No.3, pp.263-274, 1995.
  [7] T. Notteboom, C. Coeck and J. van den Broeck, “Measuring and Explaining the Relative Efficiency of Container Terminals by means of Bayesian Stochastic Frontier Models”. International Journal of Maritime Economics 2, pp.83–106, 2000.
  [8] A. A. Pallis and T. Syriopoulos, “Port Governance Models: Financial Evaluation of Greek Port Restructuring”, Transport Policy, 14, pp.232–246, 2007.
  [9] A. Estache, M. Gonza´ lez and L. Trujillo, “Efficiency Gains from Port Reform and the Potential for Yardstick Competition: Lessons from Mexico”. World Development, Vol.30, No.4, pp.545–560, 2002.
  [10] M. M. Gonzalez and L. Trujillo, “Reforms and Infrastructure Efficiency in Spain’s Container Ports”, Transportation Research Part A, Policy and Practice, Vol.42, No.1, pp.243-257, 2008.
  [11] C. P. Barros, “The Measurement of Efficiency of Portuguese Seaport Authorities with DEA. International Journal of transport Economics, vol. 30, No. 3, pp.335-354, 2003.
  [12] K. Cullinane, D. W. Song and R. Gray, “A Stochastic Frontier Model of the Efficiency of Major Container Terminals in Asia: Assessing the Influence of Administrative and Ownership Structures”. Transportation Research Part A 36, pp.743–762, 2002.
  [13] D. Haarmeyer and P. Yorke, “Port Privatization: An International Perspective”. Reason Foundation, Los Angeles, 1993.
  [14] G. De Monie,“Privatization of Port Structures in: Bekemans, L., Beckwith, S. (Eds.), Ports for Europe: Europe’s Maritime Future in a Changing Environment”.European Interuniversity Press, Brussels, 1996.
  [15] N. P. Coto-Millan, J. Banos-Pino and A. Rodr?’guez-Alvarez, “Economic Efficiency in Spanish Ports: Some Empirical Evidence”. Maritime Policy and Management Vol.27, No.2, pp.169–174, 2000.
  [16] A. Baird, “Port Privatization: Objectives, Extent, Process, and the UK Experience, International Journal of Maritime Economics Vol.2 No.3, pp.177–194, 2000.
  [17] S. Cheon, D. E. Dowall and D. W. Song, “Evaluating Impacts of Institutional Reforms on Port Efficiency Changes: Ownership, Corporate Structure and Total Factor Productivity Changes of World Container Ports”, Transportation Research Part E, pp.546-561, 2010.
  [18] J. M. Sarriera, G. Araya, T. Serebrisky, C. Briceño-Garmendía and J. Schwartz, “Benchmarking Container Port Technical Efficiency, in Latin America and the Caribbean: Stochastic Frontier Analysis”, the World Bank, Sustainable Development Department, WPS6680 Publication, 2013.
  [19] A. Charnes, W. Cooper and E. Rhodes, “Measuring the Efficiency of Decision Making Units, European Journal of Operational Research 2, pp.429–444, 1978.
  [20] P. M. Panayides, C. N. Maxoulis, T. F. Wang and K.Y. A.Ng, “A Critical Analysis of DEA Applications to Seaport Economic Efficiency Measurement”, Transport Reviews, Vol.29, No.2, pp.183-206, 2009.

  Citation
  I. Njoku, C.C. Ibe, "Impact of Concession Regime on the Performance of Nigerian Seaports," International Journal of Scientific Research in Multidisciplinary Studies , Vol.7, Issue.10, pp.8-15, 2021

• Open Access   Article

  Numbers of Ancient Hinduism

  A. Chakraborty

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRMS)

  Vol.7 , Issue.10 , pp.16-19, Oct-2021

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  Abstract
  As per historical evidences Hinduism is the oldest religion with many hidden secrets. Ancient Hinduism practiced or used such kind of stuffs which are later invented as well as rediscovered by modern scientists. As an example, in Mahabharata, 100 Kauravas were born from one mother named Gandhari but not from her womb directly, Gandhari gave a birth a piece of flesh and later on its divided into 100 pieces and fertilized in 100 earthen pots. According to modern science it is named as Invitro Fertilization(IVF). Like that many more interesting facts are hidden in this religion. This whole article will be on the secrets of numeric terms One Hundred Eight(108), Three(3),Six(6) and Nine(9). In this Article It will be discussed that how universe and life on earth is dependent In those numbers. Ancient humans are very advanced in terms of psychology, subconscious mind, advanced science, Biology. They are very much accustomed with sound and vibrations that’s why Vedic mantras do effects on human bodies as well as human subconscious mind if chanted properly with proper pronunciation.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Ancient Scriptures, One Hundred Eight, Subconscious Mind, Vibration, Sound, Numerical

  References
  [1]. Bharati, Swami Paramananda. Vedanta Prabodha. Jnanasamvardhani Pratishthanam, 2019.
  [2]. "Nikola Tesla 3 6 9 Theory and Why he called it Key To Universe." 29 September 2019.
  [3]. V.Venkateswara Rao, V.Srinivasa Rao, M.A.Rama Prasad and S.Amarnadh. “The Attractiveness and Significance of Numerical Number 108.” International Journal of Mathematics And Its Applications (2016): 1- 4.
  [4]. Wells, David. The Penguin Dictionary of Curious and Interesting Numbers. Penguin Publishers, 1997.

  Citation
  A. Chakraborty, "Numbers of Ancient Hinduism," International Journal of Scientific Research in Multidisciplinary Studies , Vol.7, Issue.10, pp.16-19, 2021

• Open Access   Article

  Microsoft Azure: Cloud Platform for Application Service Deployment

  V.P. Desai, K.S.Oza, P.P. Shinde, P.G. Naik

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRMS)

  Vol.7 , Issue.10 , pp.20-23, Oct-2021

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  Today Cloud environment plays prominent role in providing online services, applications deployment and infrastructure management. Due to COVID-19 pandemic situation usage of internet and online services are increased rapidly. Storage, software licenses, computing power, physical IT infrastructure, administration and maintenance these are the challenges for most of the IT industries. Cloud computing environment supports for web application service development and deployment virtually from any remote place that helps IT people to continue project development in distributed environment. Cloud based services is one of the safe and easily available platform to expedite application deployment process. Cloud service provider motivates the users to select plan as per their requirement and budget. This paper elaborate cloud based application service deployment process, benefits, plans provided by Microsoft Azure.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Cloud Platform, Microsoft Azure, Application Services, Cloud Services

  References
  [1]G. Carutasu , M. A. Botezatu , C. Botezatu, “Cloud Computing and Windows Azure”,In the Proceedings of the 2016 International conference Electronics, Computers and Artificial Intelligence , ROMANIA, pp. 1-6, 2016
  [2]R.P.Singh, A.Haleem, et al., “Cloud Computing in Solving Problems of COVID-19 Pandemic”, Journal of Industrial Integration and Management,Vol.6, Issue.1 pp.209-219, 2021.
  [3] G.Olekar, V.Sreekumar, “Cloud Computing: Migration from Traditional Systems to the Cloud”, International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering & Technology, Vol. 2, Issue. 3, pp.1128-1131, 2013,
  [4] Z. R. Alashhab, M. Anbar et al., “Impact of coronavirus pandemic crisis on technologies and cloud computing applications”, Journal of Electronic Science and Technology, Vol.19, Issue. 1, pp.1-12, 2021.
  [5] P.P.Nikam, R.S.Suryawanshi, “Microsoft Windows Azure: Developing Applications for Highly Available Storage of Cloud Service”, International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), Vol. 4, Issue. 12, pp.662-665, 2015.
  [6] B. Dakhare,, M Ruke, ,et al. “Maintaining Data Integrity for Shared Data in Cloud”, International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications, Vol. 07 Issue.4 ,” pp.01-03, 2017
  [7] J. Sebagenzi, R. Suchithra, “Scheduling Reservations of Virtual Machines in Cloud Data Center for Energy Optimization”, International Journal of Scientific Research Computer Science and Engineering, Vol.6, Issue.6, pp.16-26, 2018.
  [8] Z. R. Alashhab, M. Anbar et al., “Microsoft Windows Azure: Developing Applications for Highly Available Storage of Cloud Service”, International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR),. Vol. 4, Issue.12, pp. 662-665, 2015
  [9] Rewatkar, L., & Lanjewar, U., “Implementation of Cloud Computing on Web Application. International Journal of Computer Applications”, Vol.2 Issue.8, pp. 28-32. doi: 10.5120/685-964. 2010
  [10] Giannakopoulos, I., Konstantinou, et al., N., “Cloud application deployment with transient failure recovery”, Journal of Cloud Computing, Vol.7 Issue.1, doi: 10.1186/s13677-018-0112-9. 2018.
  [11] J. Krintz, et.al, “The AppScale Cloud Platform: Enabling Portable, Scalable Web Application Deployment. IEEE”, Internet Computing, Vol.17, Issue.2, pp. 72-75. doi: 10.1109/mic.2013.38, 2013

  Citation
  V.P. Desai, K.S.Oza, P.P. Shinde, P.G. Naik, "Microsoft Azure: Cloud Platform for Application Service Deployment," International Journal of Scientific Research in Multidisciplinary Studies , Vol.7, Issue.10, pp.20-23, 2021

• Open Access   Article

  Construction of a Boolean Logic Expression by Reversible Logic Gates

  S. Bhattacharya

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRMS)

  Vol.7 , Issue.10 , pp.24-26, Oct-2021

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  Abstract
  Due of its lossless data handling and low power dissipation, reversible computing has sparked the interest of the VLSI technology community. Linking practical logic designs to quantum architectures can be beneficial. A Boolean expression is used to demonstrate circuit properties using reversible logic gates. In this article, the details of the properties of reversible logic used in the design of the Boolean expression have been presented. This article also discusses a brief plan for the future goal of an application-specific integrated circuit that uses reversible gates to reduce power dissipation while remaining cost-effective.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Reversible Logic, Boolean Logic Function, Garbage Outputs, Quantum Computing, ASIC.

  References
  [1] G. E. Moore, “Cramming more components onto integrated circuits,” Electronics, vol. 38, p. 8, 1965.
  [2] E. P. DeBenedictis, “The Boolean logic tax,” Computer, vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 79–82, 2016.
  [3] T.Toffoli, Automata, Languages and Programming. Springer Verlag, 1980, ch. title: Reversible Computing, pp. 632–644.
  [4] B.Hema Latha “Necessities of Low Power VLSI Design Strategies and its involvement with new Technologies”.
  [5] R. Landauer “Irreversibility and Heat Generation in the Computing Process”. IBM J. Research and Development,5(3): pp. 183-191, 1961.
  [6] R. Keyes, R. Landauer, “Minimal energy dissipation in logic”, IBM J. Res. Dev. 14(1970) 152–157.
  [7] Charles H. Bennett, "Logical Reversibility of computation", IBM Journal of Research and Development, vol. 17, no. 6, pp. 525-532, 1973.
  [8] Soham Bhattacharya, Anindya Sen, “A Review on Reversible computing and it’s applications on combinational circuits”, International Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering Research, vol.9, issue.2.
  [9] E. Fredkin and T. Toffoli "Conservative Logic". International Theoretical Physics, pp.219-253, 1982.
  [10] Dmitri Maslov, Gerhard W. Dueck, and D. Michael Miller “Synthesis of Fredkin–Toffoli Reversible Networks” in IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VERY LARGE SCALE INTEGRATION (VLSI) SYSTEMS, VOL. 13, NO. 6, JUNE 2005.
  [11] G. W. Dueck, D. Maslov, and D. M. Miller, “Transformation-based synthesis of networks of Toffoli/Fredkin gates,” in Proc. IEEE Canadian Conf. Electrical and Computer Engineering, May 2003, pp. 211–214.
  [12] Ruqaiya Khanam, Abdul Rahman, Pushpam in “ Review on Reversible Logic Circuits and its applications”, 2016 International Conference on Emerging Trends in Electrical Electronics & Sustainable Energy Systems (ICETEESES), IEEE.
  [13] Michael P. Frank in “Reversible Computing Page”, Centre of Computing Research, Sandia NationalLabs, California, USA.

  Citation
  S. Bhattacharya, "Construction of a Boolean Logic Expression by Reversible Logic Gates," International Journal of Scientific Research in Multidisciplinary Studies , Vol.7, Issue.10, pp.24-26, 2021