Volume-7 , Issue-3 , Sep 2020, ISSN 2348-635X Go Back

• Open Access   Article

  Mobile Numbers Echo System & Cooling Exchange Solution addressing the challenges of Recycled Mobile Numbers

  K.S. Srinivas, M. Satya Prasad, K. Ram Narayana

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (WAJES)

  Vol.7 , Issue.3 , pp.1-12, Sep-2020

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  Increased penetration/adoption of mobile telephone services, usage of smart devices, having multiple mobile numbers by a single customer has created a huge demand of mobile connections, but unable to meet the supply of enough new numbering resources as per demand leading to re-use of permanently disconnected mobile phone numbers (Recycling) to acquire new customers by Telecom service providers. Being mobile number is crucial data informatics in the on-going business systems/market, the practice of Recycling of mobile numbers left with inconveniences to the present & previous user of that number and business firms (on-line or off-line) who uses the mobile number as a reference. To overcome the difficulties raised due to recycled mobile numbers, in this article, a broad study made on the mobile number`s environment and listed various stakeholders surrounded a mobile number. As a result, we proposed few possible alternatives, Standards, uniform practices and developed a Cooling Exchange concept as a common platform among stakeholders of mobile numbers to address the challenges raised due to Recycled mobile numbers

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Mobile Phone Numbers, Re-use (or) Re-Cycling (or) Re-Allotment (or) Re-assignment of mobile phone numbers, Phone Number Cycle, Phone number echo-system, Mobile Number as crucial data informatics, Solution for consequences & challenges of recycled mobile phone numbers. Cooling period, Common Platform, Cooling Exchange for MobileNumbers.

  References
  [1] Mohamed Hamdy Eldefrawy, Muhammad Khurram Khan1, Khaled Alghathbar, TaiHoon Kim, and Hassan Elkamchouchi, “Mobile one-time passwords: two-factor authentication using mobile phones “Published online 18 May 2011 in Wiley Online Library, Security Comm. Networks 2012; 5:508–516, DOI: 10.1002/sec.340.
  [2] Richard N. Clarke “Expanding mobile wireless capacity: The challenges presented by technology and economics”, published in Elsevier Ltd, Telecommunications Policy38 (2014), Science Direct, 2013.
  [3]Xavier Costa-Perez, Andreas Festag, Hans-Joerg Kolbe, Juergen Quittek, Stefan Schmid, Martin Stiemerling, Joerg Swetina, Hans van der Veen”Latest Trends in Telecommunication Standards” ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review, Volume 43, Number 2, April 2013.
  [4] Pieter BALLON “The Platformisation of the European Mobile Industry, published in COMMUNICATIONS & STRATEGIES, no. 75, 3rd quarter 2009.
  [5]E. Ahmed et al., "Recent Advances and Challenges in Mobile Big Data," in IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 56, no. 2, Feb. 2018, DOI: 10.1109/MCOM.2018.1700294.
  [6] Shri. Ashok Goyal about “Recycled numbers” a web article, Nov 2019.
  [7] Times of India published “Second-hand phone numbers” News article published in, August 2013.
  [8] Linus Särud about “The danger of recycled mobile numbers” published in Detectify Labs paper, May 2018.
  [9]Mr.Farshad Family paper on “Raise of Multi-SIM Users”, 2012.
  [10] Solomon T “Your Cell Phone Number is not your number” published on an on-line paper, Dec 2018.
  [11] David Lazarus “Service providers recycling cell phone numbers a dirty little secret” published as an on-line business article, 2006.
  [12] EU based telecom & networking service provider`s news article “What happens to your old mobile number – Synergy”, published in about, April 2019.
  [13] P. K. Paul, P. S. Aithalm “Information Assurance and IT Management: The Key Issues, Solutions in Indian Scenario based on International Trends” by, published in World Academics Journal of Management, Vol.7, Issue.1, pp.12-17, October 2019. E-ISSN: 2321-905X.
  [14] Heather E. Hudson “FROM RURAL VILLAGE TO GLOBAL VILLAGE - Telecommunications for Development in the Information Age” book published by LAWRENCE ERLBAUM ASSOCIATES, PUBLISHERS, 2006.
  [15] Prachi Jain, Paridhi Jain, and Ponnurangam Kumaraguru, “Call me maybe: Understanding nature and risks of sharing mobile numbers on online social networks” Published in COSN: Proceedings of the First ACM Conference on Online Social Networks, pp. 101-106, October 2013.
  

  Citation
  K.S. Srinivas, M. Satya Prasad, K. Ram Narayana, "Mobile Numbers Echo System & Cooling Exchange Solution addressing the challenges of Recycled Mobile Numbers," World Academics Journal of Engineering Sciences, Vol.7, Issue.3, pp.1-12, 2020

• Open Access   Article

  Upgradation of IC Engine Vehicles to Electric Vehicles

  Soumadeep Chatterjee, Soubhonik Banerjee

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (WAJES)

  Vol.7 , Issue.3 , pp.13-19, Sep-2020

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  This paper aims to provide a solution to the rise in pollution and depletion of fossil fuels by reducing the use of IC Engine Vehicles and converting them to Electric Vehicles. Population rise has led to an increase in fuel consumption and thus faster depletion rate of fuel. The increase in fuel consumption is the leading cause of the emissions of polluting gases. The essence of this project lies in solving the problem of the fuel crisis in the near future along with mitigation of pollution, thus making our world a better place to live and helping in the “Go Green Initiative”.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Mechanical Engineering, IC Engine, Battery Electric Vehicle, Solar Energy

  References
  [1] John W. Brennan and Timothy E. Barder, “Battery Electric Vehicles vs. Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles,” A United States-Based Comprehensive Assessment, Aurthur D Little
  [2] James Larminie, “Electric Vehicle Technology Explained,” A John Wiley and Sons, Ltd., Publication
  [3] Ali Eydgahi and Edward Lee Long IV, “Converting an Internal Combustion Engine Vehicle to an Electric Vehicle”
  [4] Leitman S. and Brant B.; Build Your Own Electric Vehicle, McGraw Hill
  [5] Delfim Pedrosa, Vítor Monteiro, Henrique Gonçalves, Júlio S. Martins, João L. Afonso, “A Case Study on the Conversion of an Internal Combustion Engine Vehicle into an Electric Vehicle”, IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference, pp. 1-5, Coimbra Portugal, Oct. 2014, DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2014.7006994
  [6] Tom Denton, “Electric and Hybrid Vehicles”, Routledge Publication
  [7] S.Vasanthaseelan, “Conversion of Ic Engine Vehicle To Electric Vehicle,” International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), Vol.6, Issue.3, March 2019.

  Citation
  Soumadeep Chatterjee, Soubhonik Banerjee, "Upgradation of IC Engine Vehicles to Electric Vehicles," World Academics Journal of Engineering Sciences, Vol.7, Issue.3, pp.13-19, 2020

• Open Access   Article

  The Effect of an Aluminum Addition to the Single-Stage Thermophilic and Mesophilic Anaerobic Digestion Systems

  Jongmin Kim

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (WAJES)

  Vol.7 , Issue.3 , pp.20-23, Sep-2020

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  Aluminum is widely used to remove soluble phosphorus in wastewater streams. However, its impacts on the performance of the anaerobic digestion systems are largely unknown. The recent Water Environment Research Foundation study (Document No. 03CTS9b) indicated that aluminum addition to the activated sludge system might improve the quality of the anaerobically digested sludge downstream. This study aimed to evaluate the benefits or drawbacks of additional aluminum to the performance of two anaerobic digestion systems that were operated under thermophilic (55 degrees Celsius) and mesophilic (37 degrees Celsius) conditions, respectively. The results indicated that aluminum addition up to 100 mg/L to the feed sludge could enhance solids removal in the mesophilic anaerobic digestion system while the solids removal in the thermophilic anaerobic digestion was adversely impacted by additional aluminum. Excess aluminum up to 300 mg/L did not deteriorate the stability of both digesters. Also, improved dewaterability was observed from the digested sludges of both systems with aluminum addition up to 300 mg/L to the feed sludge.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Aluminum, anaerobic digestion, volatile solids reduction, dewaterability

  References
  [1] B.E. Rittmann, P.L. McCarty, “Environmental Biotechnology: Principles and Applications,” McGraw-Hill, USA, pp. 537-539, 2001.
  [2] D.R. Smith, P.A. Moore, C.L. Griffis, T.C. Daniel, D.R. Edwards, D.L. Boothe, “Effects of alum and aluminum chloride on phosphorus runoff from swine manure,” Journal of Environmental Quality, Vol. 30, pp. 991-998, 2001.
  [3] A.E. Isiyaku, M. Godfrey, “Experimentation and Design Analysis of Anaerobic Sequencing Batch Reactor for Kano Abattoir,” International Journal of Scientific Research in Multidisciplinary Studies, Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 21-28, 2020.
  [4] J.T. Novak, N. Verma, C.D. Muller, “The role of iron and aluminum in digestion and odor formation,” Water Science and Technology, Vol. 56, No. 9, pp. 59-65, 2007.
  [5] C. Park, C.D. Muller, M.M. Abu-Orf, J.T. Novak, “The effect of wastewater cations on activated sludge characteristics: Effects of aluminum and iron in floc,” Water Environment Research, Vol. 78, No. 1, pp. 31-40, 2006.
  [6] J.T. Novak, C. Park, “Effect of aluminum and iron on odors, digestion efficiency and dewatering properties Phase IV, Water Environment Research Foundation document No. 03CTS9b,” Water Environment Research Foundation, USA, 2010.
  [7] J.M. Gossett, P.L. McCarty, J.C. Wilson, D.S. Evans, “Anaerobic digestion of sludge from chemical treatment,” Journal of Water pollution Control Federation, Vol. 50, No. 3, pp. 533-541, 1978.
  [8] N. Cabirol, E.J. Barragan, A. Deuran, A. Noyola, “Effect of Al and sulfate on anaerobic digestion of sludge from wastewater enhanced primary treatment,” Water Science and Technology, Vol. 48, No. 6, pp. 235-240, 2003.
  [9] Y. Yang, Y.Q. Zhao, A.O. Babatunde, P. Kearney, “Co-conditioning of the anaerobic digested sludge of a municipal wastewater treatment plant with alum sludge: Benefit of phosphorus reduction in reject water,” Water Environment Research, Vol. 79, No. 13, pp. 2468-2476, 2007.
  [10] American Public Health Association (APHA), “Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater 20th Ed.,” American Public Health Association, USA, 1998.
  [11] M.H. Gerardi, “The microbiology of anaerobic digesters,” Wiley, USA, pp. 73-76, 2003.
  [12] J.T. Novak, C. Park, “Chemical conditioning of sludge,” Water Science and Technology, Vol. 49, No. 10, pp. 73–80, 2004.

  Citation
  Jongmin Kim, "The Effect of an Aluminum Addition to the Single-Stage Thermophilic and Mesophilic Anaerobic Digestion Systems," World Academics Journal of Engineering Sciences, Vol.7, Issue.3, pp.20-23, 2020

• Open Access   Article

  Experimental Investigation on Concrete Using Brick Powder and Metakaolin

  Suhirtha Jothi M., Umamaheswari R.

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (WAJES)

  Vol.7 , Issue.3 , pp.24-26, Sep-2020

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  Concrete is a material used in building construction, consisting of a hard, chemically inert particulate substance, known as aggregate, that is bound by cement and water. Density of normal concrete is in the order of about 2500 kg per cubic meter for conventional concrete. In construction industry, consumption of cement and sand is increase day by day as well as cost is also increasing. So to reduce the consumption of cement and sand, there is a need to replace a part of cement by some pozzolanic material to reduce the consumption of cement to control the environmental pollution to some extent. The Experimental are carried out to explore the possibility of using 10% Met kaolin (MK) and 10%, 15% and 20% of brick powder (BP) as a replacement of cement in concrete mixture. The use of Metakaolin and brick powder is produced. The main focus of this project has been studies that flexural behavior of concrete made with 10% Metakaolin and 10%, 15% and 20% brick powder as a replacement of cement. The cubes were tested at 7 and 28 days. The Compressive strength of these cubes is compared with the strength of referral concrete (design mix concrete M35). The experimental work carried out and the result obtained are presented and discussed in this report.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Metakaolin, Brick powder, Super plasticizer

  References
  [1]. Abdul Razak, “ Strength estimation model for high-strength concrete incorporating Metakaolin and silica fume, Cement and Concrete Research, Vol.35,pp.688-695,2005.
  [2]. Amritpal kauril, Raj Winder Singh Bansal, “ Used Metakaolin research that strength and durability properties of concrete with partial replacement of cement with Met kaolin and marble dust”, ISSN: 2278-0181 ,Vol. 4, ISSUE.07 ,July 2015.
  [3]. B. Krishna Rao and M. Anil Kumar, “ A study on partial replacement of cement with Metakaolin and Fine aggregate with waste Foundry dust ”, International Journal of Engineering Research, Vol. 5, Issue. 12,2016.
  [4]. Beulah M, “ Effect of replacement of cement by Met kaolin on the properties of High Performance Concrete Subjected to Hydrochloric Acid Attack ”, IJERA, Vol. 2, Issue 6, pp. 033-038 ,2012.
  [5]. M. Usha Rani and J. martina Jenifer, “ Mechanical Properties of concrete with Partial Replacement of Portland Cement by Clay Brick Powder ”, International Journal of Engineering Research and Technology, ISSN: 2278-0181, Vol.5, Issue 02,2016.

  Citation
  Suhirtha Jothi M., Umamaheswari R., "Experimental Investigation on Concrete Using Brick Powder and Metakaolin," World Academics Journal of Engineering Sciences, Vol.7, Issue.3, pp.24-26, 2020

• Open Access   Article

  Microcontroller Based Digital Clock Interfaced With Liquid Crystal Display

  Salim Mudi, Lukman Mudi

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (WAJES)

  Vol.7 , Issue.3 , pp.27-30, Sep-2020

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  Time is very important in every aspect of life. It is the quantity that measures the progressive existence of life and events. This paper presents a microcontroller PIC16F887 based digital clock which displays time progressively in real-time using liquid crystal display. To achieve the aim of this research, various relevant literatures were reviewed to note areas of advancement. It was found that liquid crystal display is the best component to display time. The constructed device is reliable and portable. It displays time accurately in numerical form on the 16*2 LCD. The portable clock makes use of the 24-hour timing format. This clock is monolingual as it uses English language only. The power supply is principally a 9V battery. This 9V is regulated by an integrated circuit LM7805, offering 5V to the microcontroller. The microcontroller is the central processing unit of this device. It is responsible for computations and logic manipulations to be displayed by the output LCD. The microcontroller was programmed using C language. C language is robust and powerful for operations and scientific applications. The designed clock was tested on Proteus software at simulation stage. The physical components were implemented on a breadboard to ascertain workability, and the design was implemented by soldering on vero-board as final construction. This digital clock is functional, portable and reliable. It is a viable solution to keeping record of time at every event or stage.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Microcontroller, C language, Digital , Clock, Time, LCD, PIC16F887, Regulator, Battery

  References
  [1] M. A. Mazidi, R. D. Mckinlay, D. Causey, “PIC Microcontroller and Embedded System,” Pearson Education, INC., Pearson Prentice Hall.
  [2] P. T. Tun, “Development and implementation of microcontroller-based digital clock, ” World Academy of Science, Engineering and technology, Singapore. Vol 42, June 2008.
  [3] N. Mohan, T. M. Underland and W. P. Robbins, Power Electronics: Converters, Applications and Design, Canada: John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1995.
  [4] D. Paul and S. Som, “Microcontroller Based Intelligent Digital Volume Controller with Timer”, International Journal of Computer Applications, 38(1):19-26, January 2012.
  [5] S. Ahmed and S. Monira, “Designing a 10 segment display for Bangla and English numerals”, Proceedings of ICCIT, pp. 602 605, 2007.
  [6] M. S. Arefin, M. A. Dewan, M. I. Khan, and M. S. Islam, “Designing a 24 segment display for Bengali numerical digits and characters”, 3rd International Conference on Electrical and ComputerEngineering ICECE, pp. 549-552, 2004.
  [7] M. Rahman, A. Islam, R. S. Rajan, D. M. parvez, R. Islam, M. N. Islam, “Microcontroller and LCD based digital Bangla clock cum calendar”, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, Volume 4, Issue 1 Pg.99-103, 2012.
  [8] Salim Mudi, “Design and Construction of a Portable Solar Mobile Charger,” World Academics Journal of Engineering Sciences, Vol.7, Issue.1, pp.40-44, 2020.

  Citation
  Salim Mudi, Lukman Mudi, "Microcontroller Based Digital Clock Interfaced With Liquid Crystal Display," World Academics Journal of Engineering Sciences, Vol.7, Issue.3, pp.27-30, 2020

• Open Access   Article

  Enhancing the Properties of Sub-Grade Using Lime and Poly Vinyl Alcohol

  Aman Thakur, Arnaw Pandey, Ismit Pal Singh

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (WAJES)

  Vol.7 , Issue.3 , pp.31-38, Sep-2020

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  Development is needed everywhere, whether in life or in work. The improvement of road is considerable due to lack of satisfactory soil. Standardization of soil is such a great initiative to modify the engineering properties of soil, using additive with various concentration. In this present investigation the soil is standardized with lime and poly vinyl alcohol. The clayey soils were prepared with additive for the California bearing ratio and Unconfined compression strength with 1 and 14 day of curing respectively. Along with these strength parameter laboratory tests, Atterberg’s limit (liquid limit and plastic limit), specific gravity and Standard proctor test were also conducted on in-situ soil only. The in-situ soil reflected the California bearing ratio at 2.5 mm and 5 mm penetration as 9.48 and 9.00 respectively. But the use of additive in the in-situ soil imposing the strength, make the soft soil stiff enough to resist the load. The increment was recorded with 42.26% of rise in the California bearing ratio test result. The optimum concentration of the additive were 6% lime and 0.5% poly vinyl alcohol dilute solution. The Unconfined compression strength also exceeds as compare to the untreated soil. It was conducted on different cured samples and the results elucidate the increment with curing. The Unconfined compression test results were significantly influenced by the curing and increases from 78 kilo pascal to 473.0 kilo pascal which is found approx. 6 times the untreated soil.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Clayey soil, California bearing ratio, Lime, Poly vinyl alcohol, Standardization, Unconfined compression strength

  References
  [1] B. Celauro, A. Bevilacqua, D.L. Bosco, C. Celauro, “ Design Procedures for Soil-Lime Stabilization for Road and Railways Embankement . Part-1-Review of Design Methods” Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 53 ( 2012 ) 755 – 764.
  [2] M. Mirzababaei, A. Arulrajah, S. Horpibulsuk, A. Soltani, N. Khayat, “Stabilization of soft clay using short fibre and poly vinyl alcohol”, Geotextile and geomembrane 46 (2018) 646-655
  [3] F. Zhang, L. Zhang and W. Hong, “Stabilization of soil with Polyvinyl Alcohol and Potassium Carbonate” Hindwai, Advances in civil Engineering, volume 2019, https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/7032087.
  [4] M. Nikookar, H. Nikookar, M. Arabani, “Unconfined Compressive Strength of Lime-Stabilized Peat” 7th SASTech 2013, Iran, Bandar-Abbas. 7-8 March, 2013.
  [5] A. Muhmed, D. Wanatowski, “Effect of Lime Stabilisation on the Strength and Microstructure of Clay” IOSRj Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering, Volume 6, issue 3 (may-june 2013)
  [6] K. Harichane, M. Ghrici, S. Kenai, K. Grine, “Use of natural pozzolana and lime for stabilization of cohesive soils”. Geotech. Geol. Eng. 29 (5), 759–769, 2011.
  [7] A.A.S. Correia, , P.J.V. Oliveira, D.G. Custódio, “Effect of polypropylene fibres on the compressive and tensile strength of a soft soil, artificially stabilised with binders”, Geotext. Geomembranes 43 (2), 97–106 (2015).
  [8] A. Mohammadinia, A. Arulrajah, H. Haghighi, S. Horpibulsuk, “Effect of lime stabilization on the mechanical and micro-scale properties of recycled demolition materials”, Sustainable Cities and Society 30, 58–65.
  [9] B.V. Rao, V. Reddy, M. Muttharam, “The impact of cyclic wetting and drying on the swelling behaviour of stabilized expansive soils”. Eng. Geolo. 60(14), 223-233 (2001).
  [10] Z. Nalbantoglu, “Effectiveness of Class C fly ash as an expansive soil stabilizer” Construction and Building Materials 18(6), 377-381 (2004).
  [11] R.N. Yong, V.R. Ouhadi, “Experimental study on instability of bases on natural and lime/cement-stabilized clayey soils”, Applied Clay Science 35(34), 238-249.
  [12] D. Greenland, “Adsorption of polyvinyl alcohols by montmorillonite”, J. Colloid Sci. 18 (7), 647–664.(1963)
  [13] C.E. Carr, D.G. Greenland, Potential application of polyvinyl acetate and plyvinyl alcohol in the structure improvement of sodic soils. In: Moldenhauer, W.C. (Ed.), Soil Conditioners. SSSA Special Publications Series No. 7. Soil Science of America Inc., Madison, USA, pp. 47–63, 1975.
  [14] M. Mirzababaei, S. Yasrobi, A.A. Al-Rawas, “Effect of polymers on swelling potential of expansive soils”. Ground Improvement Journal 162, 111–119, 2017
  [15] A.A.B. Muhmed, A. Musa, “Unconfined Compressive Strength Characteristics of Lime Treated Clay”, University of BenghaziFaculty of Education Al marj Global Libyan Journal, 2017.
  [16] J. Singh, V.K. Sonthwal, J.S. Rattan, “Review on Improvement of Engineering Properties of soil Using Waste Plastic Bottles Strips (Polyethylene Terephthalate)”, International Journal on Emerging Technologies 8(1): 01-04, 2017.
  [17] M. Wisniewska, I. Ostolska, K.Szewczuk-Karpisz, S.Chibowski, K. Terpi?owski, V.M. Gun’ko, V.I. Zarko, “ Investigation of the polyvinyl alcohol stabilization mechanism and adsorption properties on the surface of ternary mixed nanooxide AST 50 (Al2O3–SiO2–TiO2)” J Nanopart Res (2015) 17:12 http://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-014-2831-2
  [18] V. Sahu, A. Srivastava, A.K. Misra, A.K. Sharma, “Stabilization of fly ash and lime sludge composites: Assessment of its performance as base course material”, Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering 17(2017)475-485 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.acme.2016.12.010

  Citation
  Aman Thakur, Arnaw Pandey, Ismit Pal Singh, "Enhancing the Properties of Sub-Grade Using Lime and Poly Vinyl Alcohol," World Academics Journal of Engineering Sciences, Vol.7, Issue.3, pp.31-38, 2020

• Open Access   Article

  Development of a Low-Cost Seed Drill for Sowing Amaranth Seed

  Adewale Sedara, Yusuf Ibrahim, Seth Manuwa, Oluwadunsin Sedara

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (WAJES)

  Vol.7 , Issue.3 , pp.39-45, Sep-2020

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  Abstract
  The elementary necessities for planting using tools or machines are in its simplicity, design model and knowledge which are adaptable used for diverse farm tasks. Single row amaranth seed planter was established toward increasing productivity with moderate technique to plant Amaranth. The study is aim to design, construct and asses a low-cost amaranth seed drill. The amaranth seed drill comprises of feeder hopper, metering device/chamber, wheels, discharge sprout, furrow opener, covering device and push handle. It was calibrated in the workshop for spacing, metering and check damaged seeds in rows. Calibration involves loading the hopper with 50 g (with sand) of amaranth seeds. Error bars was used for analysis and highest metering efficiency was 92.3% with machine speed of 1.8 m/secs for (3) holes metering device; and 83.3% with 1.9 m/secs speed for one (1) hole metering device; this was obtained at low speed. The ANOVA performed shows that speed has significant effect on the metering efficiency one (1) hole with P-value of 0.000 and no significant effect on (3) holes metering efficiency 0.563. The tukey’s test showed that 1.8 m/secs and 1.9 m/secs performed better than other speeds for one (1) hole; while all speeds are of the same range for (3) holes. In conclusion the metering device increases seed planting and accuracies at low speeds. Fabricated with locally sourced material making it affordable to commercial farmers to lessen drudgery.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Amaranth seed, seed drill, metering efficiency, speed, planting

  References
  [1] M. Petruzzello, “Amaranthaceae plant family”. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/plant/Amaranthaceae#ref230955, 2016.
  [2] D.A. Zhigila, U.A. Yuguda, J.J. Akawu, F.A. Oladele, “Palynomorphs and floral bloom as taxonomic characters in some species of the genus Amaranthus L. (Aamaranthaceae)”. Bayero Journal of Pure Applied Science, Vol.7, Issue.2, pp.164–168, 2014.
  [3] K. ?migerska, “Research on the Improvement of Growing for Seeds of the Blood Amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus L.) of Rawa Variety”. Bydgoszcz: Uniwersytet Technologiczno-Przyrodniczy im. J.J. ?niadeckich w Bydgoszczy; 2016.
  [4] Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Caryophyllales. http://www. mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/2016.
  [5] Amaranth - New World Encyclopedia, www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Amaranth Retrieved date: 24/05/2016.
  [6] G.O. Kelly and L.P. Martin, “Amaranth: Grain and Vegetable Types”. ECHO Technical Note, 1983.
  [7] P.R. Venskutonis, and P. Kraujalis, “Nutritional components of amaranth seeds and vegetables: a review on composition, properties, and uses”, Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety 12 (Version of Record online), 2013
  [8] C.P. Norris, “Performance of some different types of peanut/maize planters in NQ”. Proc. Conf. on Agric. Eng., Armidale. I.E. Australia National Conference Publication, Australia, pp. 149–154, 1982.
  [9] J.L. Halderson, “Planter selection accuracy for edible beans”. Transaction of American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Vol.26, Issue.2, pp. 367–371, 1983.
  [10] J.B. Agness, and H. J. Luth, “Planter evaluation techniques” American Society of Agricultural Engineers Paper, pp. 75–1003, 1975.
  [11] R.D. Grisso, D. Holshouser, and R. Pitman, “Equipment Considerations for No-till Soybean Seeding”, Virginia Cooperative Extension publication, pp. 442-456. 2002. http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/442-456/442-456.html
  [12] A. A. Aderinlewo and M. D. Afose, ‘Performance Evaluation of a Hand Pushed Vegetable Seed Broadcaster’ Journal of Engineering Research, Vol. 25, Issue 2, pp. 192-196, 2020.
  [13] www.en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/seed-drill
  [14] D. D. Baltensperger, D. J. Lyon, L. A. Nelson, and A. J. Corr, "NF91-35 Amaranth Grain Production in Nebraska", Historical Materials from University of Nebraska-Lincoln Extension 408, 1991.https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/extensionhist/408
  [15] M. Alam, R. Ali, M. A. Rabbani, and A. B. M. M. H. Khan, ‘Design and development of a drum seeder’. Progressive. Agriculture, Vol. 17, Issue 2, pp. 203–212, 2006.
  [16] K. Shamma, ‘Design and development of multi-crop seeder. Mymensingh, Bangladesh: Department of Farm Power and Machinery, Bangladesh Agricultural University, 2014.
  [17] S.I. Manuwa, A.M. Sedara, and A.F. Tola. Design, Fabrication and Performance Evaluation of Moringa (Oleifera) Dried Leaves Pulverizer, Journal of Agriculture and Food Research, Vol. (2), 100034.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafr.2020.100034, 2020.
  [18] R. S., Khurmi, and J. K. Gupta, "A Textbook of Machine Design” 14th revised Russnogle, J., (2009). "World`s Largest Planter: John Deere`s DB120". Corn and Soybean Digest, 2005.
  [19] M. F. Karim, M. Alam, R. Ali, and O. Kozan, ‘Design and development of a drum seeder with urea and super granule application for rural farmers in Bangladish’. CIGR Journal, Vol. 17, Issue 3, pp. 61-71, 2015.

  Citation
  Adewale Sedara, Yusuf Ibrahim, Seth Manuwa, Oluwadunsin Sedara, "Development of a Low-Cost Seed Drill for Sowing Amaranth Seed," World Academics Journal of Engineering Sciences, Vol.7, Issue.3, pp.39-45, 2020

• Open Access   Article

  Equilibrium State of Existence of Sun in Its Solar System

  N.C. Pandey

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (WAJES)

  Vol.7 , Issue.3 , pp.46-51, Sep-2020

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  Abstract
  The solar system is a gravitationally bound system of sun that is situated at a fixed point and the other revolutionary bodies are as surrounding it. The sun as a central big body must remain in a static position. There is no any effective gravitational force responsible for motion is acting on it. Thus, the solar system is perfectly an ideal road map which can be applied in case of defining the mechanism of existence of other star systems independently in the universe. The planets occupy a very little space in comparison to the open space available around the sun. But, the planets of the solar system play a primary role in keeping the sun very far away from the gravitational active zones. Hence, the solar system is mostly an empty space. This causes the sun to exist in its equilibrium state of rest in such a way that suppose a solar system is free from the outer universe. In principle, the mass of the sun is comparatively high enough to get to move. Because, this mass provides the gravitational force to the respective planets for revolutionary motion to occur around the sun. The creation of high class gravitational pressure within the sun for undergoing interactions responsible for emerging radiant pressure of high luminousity can be understood only on the basis of having a big mass of the sun. Of course, the sun can be treated as the shining model for all of the stars of the universe because, for a star also everything depends usually upon its mass. Hence, the solar system becomes an unit for understanding the mechanism of role of stars in building the universe.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Solar system, Star system, Exoplanets, Equilibrium state of motion, Gravitational pressure, Radiant pressure, Interaction, Density, Luminousity, Milky way galaxy, Galactic centre. Orion arm, Ecliptic, Spectroscopic eye

  References
  [1]D. Halliday “Fundamental of Physics”, Thomson’s Publication, India, pp. 82 - 84, 2010.
  [2] N. C. Pandey “Revolutionary motion of a body under the action of resolution of acceleration due to gravity involved”, International Journal of Scientific Research in Physics and Applied Sciences, Vol. 8, Issue 4, pp. 27 - 34, 2020.
  [3] S. G. Gupta “Classical Mechanics” Pragati Publication, India, pp. 216, 2010.
  [4] R. Kaitchuck, G. Turner and J. Childers “A Search For Exoplanets in Short- Period Binary Star Systems”, Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences, vol. 29, Issue 1, pp. 41 - 45, 2012.
  [5] S. Prakash “New Intermediates Physics”, Nageen Publication, India, pp. 493 – 520, 2011.

  Citation
  N.C. Pandey, "Equilibrium State of Existence of Sun in Its Solar System," World Academics Journal of Engineering Sciences, Vol.7, Issue.3, pp.46-51, 2020

• Open Access   Article

  Integrated Intelligent Framework for Sensor Data Analysis

  Kalyani S., Venkat Rao K., A. Mary Sowjanya

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (WAJES)

  Vol.7 , Issue.3 , pp.52-59, Sep-2020

  Abstract

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  Citation

  Abstract
  Increased smart devices in various industries is creating numerous sensors in each of the equipment prompting the need for methods and models for sensor data. Current research proposes a systematic approach to analyze the data generated from sensors attached to industrial equipment. Time to failure data is generated using the end of life information of assets available from the historical data. The methodology involves data cleaning, preprocessing, basics statistics, outlier, and anomaly detection. Present study focusses on prediction of RUL by using various Machine Learning models like Regression, Polynomial Regression, Random Forest, Decision Tree, XG Boost. In each of the model for RUL prediction RMSE, MAE are compared. Outcome of the RUL prediction is useful for decision maker to drive the business decision, hence Binary & Multi class classification is performed to solve business challenges. Labels for Binary & Multi class classification can be generated from the asset operation needs and maintenance manuals. Business case analysis includes the cost of maintenance and cost of non-maintaining a particular asset. Current research is aimed at integrating the machine intelligence and business intelligence so that the industrial operations optimized both in resource and profit. Multi Class classification is developed to find the classes based on multiple time periods for asset maintenance.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  IoT, Life Estimation, RUL, Sensor Data

  References
  [1] B. D. Minor, J. R. Doppa and D. J.Cook, “Learning Activity Predictors from Sensor Data: Algorithms, Evaluation, and Applications,” IEEE transactions on knowledge and data engineering, vol. 29, no. 12, pp.2744–2757, 2017.
  [2] Ravi Katukam, B. Prajna, “Engineering Optimization using Artificial Neural Network,” International Journal of Innovations in Engineering & Technology (IJIET), , vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 63–72, 2014.
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  Citation
  Kalyani S., Venkat Rao K., A. Mary Sowjanya, "Integrated Intelligent Framework for Sensor Data Analysis," World Academics Journal of Engineering Sciences, Vol.7, Issue.3, pp.52-59, 2020

• Open Access   Article

  Design for Manufacturing and Assembly- Review

  Naol Dessalegn Dejene, Sololo Kebede Nemomsa

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (WAJES)

  Vol.7 , Issue.3 , pp.60-67, Sep-2020

  Abstract

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  Citation

  Abstract
  Design for manufacturing and assembly is widely used in industry, especially in product design and development process in order to meet customer needs, companies are struggling with competitive markets to produce low cost products with high quality and faster to market. It becomes an important concept as the best time to find cost reductions, at design stage, rather than during manufacturing. This paper review focuses on the objectives, techniques and shows its significance through literature in manufacturing industry. Finally, the based on the outcomes of review general guidelines commonly used were included with solid conclusions were raised as the use of design for manufacturing and assembly principles yields significant savings in the products, because 70-80% of the cost of the product is determined in the design phase. This paper summarizes findings based on comprehensive literature review of DFMA concepts and related tools. Overall goal with the paper is to aid designers, manufacturers, process planners in the practical industries on the ground and researchers in the mentioned area of study.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Design for manufacturing, Assembly,Product Design, Techniques

  References
  [1]. Boothroyd, Geoffrey. "Design for manufacture and assembly: The Boothroyd-Dewhurst experience." In Design for X, pp. 19-40. Springer, Dordrecht, 1996.
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  [6]. Kuo, Tsai-C., Samuel H. Huang, and Hong-C. Zhang. "Design for manufacture and design for ‘X’: concepts, applications, and perspectives." Computers & industrial engineering 41, no. 3: 241-260, 2001.
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  [9]. Barbosa, Gustavo Franco, and Jonas de Carvalho. "Design for Manufacturing and Assembly methodology applied to aircrafts design and manufacturing." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 46, no. 7: 116-121, 2013.
  [10]. Stienstra, David. "Introduction to design for (cost effective) assembly and manufacturing." Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rose-Hulman Institute of Technology, Terre Haute, USA, 2016.
  [11]. Estorilio, Carla, and Marcelo César Simião. "Cost reduction of a diesel engine using the DFMA method." Product: Management and Development 4, no. 2: 95-103, 2017.
  [12]. Chica, Roger Jesus Pinzon, Sheila Katherine Lascano, and Heriberto Maury-Ramirez. "Design for Manufacturing and Assembly and CAE Tools: The Case of a Rice Husker." Annals of DAAAM & Proceedings, 2011.
  [13]. Prakash, Wankhade Nitesh, V. G. Sridhar, and K. Annamalai. "New product development by DFMA and rapid prototyping." ARPN J Eng Appl Sci 9, no. 3: 274-279, 2014.
  [14]. Ismail, A. R., S. C. Abdullah, A. H. A. A. Manap, K. Sopian, M. M. Tahir, I. M. S. Usman, and D. A. Wahab. "DFM and DFA approach on designing pressure vessel." In Proceedings of the 7th WSEAS international conference on system science and simulation in engineering (ICOSSSE), pp. 147-151, 2008.
  [15]. Naiju, C. D., V. Jayakrishnan, V. Warrier, and B. Rijul. "Application of Design for Manufacturing and Assembly (DFMA) methodology in the steel furniture industry." In National Conference on Technological Advancements in Engineering, pp. 1-4, 2016.
  [16]. Chiu, Ming-Chuan, and Gül E. Okudan Kremer. "Investigation of the applicability of Design for X tools during design concept evolution: a literature review." International Journal of Product Development 13, no. 2: 132-167, 2011.
  [17]. TIMÁR, Imre, Tibor BORBÉLY, István LISZTES, and Pál HORVÁTH. "Cost calculations with method of design for manufacture and assembly (DFMA)." Annals of the Oradea University, Fascicle of Management and Technological Engineering 9: 4-288, 2010.
  [18]. Porter, David K. "Overview of Design for Manufacturing and Assembly (DFMA).", 2012.

  Citation
  Naol Dessalegn Dejene, Sololo Kebede Nemomsa, "Design for Manufacturing and Assembly- Review," World Academics Journal of Engineering Sciences, Vol.7, Issue.3, pp.60-67, 2020