Volume-06 , Special Issue-01 , 2019

• Open Access   Article

  Growth promotional activity of green synthesized nanoparticles on Phyllosphere and Rhizosphere Microflora of Capsicum baccatum , Rosa species and Murraya koenigii

  J.Mani kanta, Kumari Neelam S.Anju and J.Sarada

  Research Paper | Journal Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.06 , Special Issue.01 , pp.1-7, May-2019

  CrossRef-DOI:   https://doi.org/10.26438/ijsrbs/v6si1.17

  Abstract

  Full-Text HTML

  References

  Citation

  Abstract
  Nanoparticle synthesis is identified to occur in nature, in presence of agents like bacteria, fungi, algae and other biologically derived substances that acts as a precursor. These naturally formed nanoparticles could establish in soil and on plants that may result in change of the characteristic features of plant physiology or morphology. Among the various metal nanoparticles, Zinc oxide and Iron nanoparticles have been found to have a profound effect on the plants since their metallic ions act as essential nutrients. These nanoparticles were proved to have significance in promotion of seed germination, impact on the shoot, root and foliage development due to enhanced absorption of these elements. One of the most important requisite for a growing plant is presence of the plant growth promoting rhizobacteria in the soil and surface of plants. The plant growth and susceptibility to pathogens is greatly influenced by microorganisms established on plant parts and rhizosphere. Many plants, with the antagonistic feature of their rhizobacteria against plant pathogens, remain resistant to certain diseases. Hence, one of the reasons for the growth promoting activity of nanomaterials could be due to their influence on the microorganisms. Therefore the present study was carried out to evaluate the effect of zinc oxide and iron oxide nanoparticles on the rhizobacteria and phyllosphere microorganisms of selected plants. Treatment of the Zinc oxide and Iron oxide nanoparticles to the rhizosphere and leaves of Capsicum baccatum (Chilli), Rosa species (Rose) and Murraya koenigii (curry) and Solanum tuberosum has indicated a change in the phyllosphere and rhizosphere characteristics and the bacterial consortium that naturally developed on it. A significant change in the phyllosphere and rhizophere bacteria indicated a profound effect of nanoparticles .

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Zinc nanoparticles, Iron nanoparticles, Bacillus sps, Phyllosphere,Rhizosphere

  References
  [1]. Agarwal, H., Kumar, S. V., & Rajeshkumar, S. (2017). A review on green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles–An eco-friendly approach. Resource-Efficient Technologies, 3(4), 406-413.
  [2]. Sun, Z., Xiong, T., Zhang, T., Wang, N., Chen, D., & Li, S. (2019). Influences of zinc oxide nanoparticles on Allium cepa root cells and the primary cause of phytotoxicity. Ecotoxicology, 28(2), 175-188.
  [3]. Elizabath, A., Bahadur, V., Misra, P., Prasad, V. M., & Thomas, T. (2017). Effect of different concentrations of iron oxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles on growth and yield of carrot (Daucus carota L.). J Pharmacogn Phytochem, 6, 1266-1269
  [4]. Deepika Chaudhary1 *, Rakesh Kumar1 , Anju Kumari2 , Rashmi1 and Raman Jangra1(2017) . Explicit Effect of Phyllospheric Microorganism on Growth Promotion of Pearl Millet (Pennisetum glaucum)International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 6 Number 3 pp. 1046-1051
  [5]. Chaudhary, D., Kumar, R., Sihag, K., & Kumari, A. (2017). Phyllospheric microflora and its impact on plant growth: A review. Agricultural Reviews, 38(1).
  [6]. .Turnbull, A. L., Liu, Y., & Lazarovits, G. (2012). Isolation of bacteria from the rhizosphere and rhizoplane of potato (Solanum tuberosum) grown in two distinct soils using semi selective media and characterization of their biological properties. American journal of potato research, 89(4), 294-305
  [7]. Jha, C. K., & Saraf, M. (2015). Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR): a review. Journal of Agricultural Research and Development, 5(2), 108-119.
  [8]. K. Harish Kumar* and V.P. Savalgi(2017)Microbial Synthesis of Zinc Nanoparticles Using Fungus Isolated from Rhizosphere Soil ,International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 6 Number 12 pp. 2359-2364.
  [9]. Saif, S., Tahir, A., & Chen, Y. (2016). Green synthesis of iron nanoparticles and their environmental applications and implications. Nanomaterials, 6(11), 209.
  [10]. Mashrai, A., Khanam, H., & Aljawfi, R. N. (2017). Biological synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles using C. albicans and studying their catalytic performance in the synthesis of steroidal pyrazolines. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 10, S1530-S1536.
  [11]. Saranya, S., Vijayarani, K., & Pavithra, S. (2017). Green synthesis of iron nanoparticles using aqueous extract of musa ornata flower sheath against pathogenic bacteria. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 79(5), 688-694.
  [12]. Aminuzzaman, M., Ying, L. P., Goh, W. S., & Watanabe, A. (2018). Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using aqueous extract of Garcinia mangostana fruit pericarp and their photocatalytic activity. Bulletin of Materials Science, 41(2), 50.
  [13]. Khan, M. Z. H., Tarek, F. K., Nuzat, M., Momin, M. A., & Hasan, M. R. (2017). Rapid Biological Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles from Ocimum sanctum and Their Characterization. Journal of Nanoscience, 2017.
  [14]. Chung, I. M., Abdul Rahuman, A., Marimuthu, S., Vishnu Kirthi, A., Anbarasan, K., Padmini, P., & Rajakumar, G. (2017). Green synthesis of copper nanoparticles using Eclipta prostrata leaves extract and their antioxidant and cytotoxic activities. Experimental and therapeutic medicine, 14(1), 18-24.
  [15]. Narendhran, S., Rajiv, P., & Sivaraj, R. A. J. E. S. H. W. A. R. I. (2016). Influence of zinc oxide nanoparticles on growth of Sesamum indicum L. in zinc deficient soil. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci, 8(3), 365-371
  [16]. He, S., Feng, Y., Ren, H., Zhang, Y., Gu, N., & Lin, X. (2011). The impact of iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles on the soil bacterial community. Journal of Soils and Sediments, 11(8), 1408-1417.
  

  Citation
  J.Mani kanta, Kumari Neelam S.Anju and J.Sarada, "Growth promotional activity of green synthesized nanoparticles on Phyllosphere and Rhizosphere Microflora of Capsicum baccatum , Rosa species and Murraya koenigii," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.06, Issue.01, pp.1-7, 2019

• Open Access   Article

  Evaluation of growth promoting activity of Pleurotus ostreatus extract on Trigonella foenum, Cicer arietinum, Brassica nigra, Coriandrum sativum

  Renuka Ambilgeker, S. Anju, V. Selva kumar, J. Sarada

  Research Paper | Journal Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.06 , Special Issue.01 , pp.8-13, May-2019

  CrossRef-DOI:   https://doi.org/10.26438/ijsrbs/v6si1.813

  Abstract

  Full-Text HTML

  References

  Citation

  Abstract
  Increase in the human population brings in a demand for large scale production of agricultural products to meet the needs. To minimize the loss in the production of plant products, due to pests, use of pesticides has become an unavoidable practice. The harmful impact of chemical pesticides has invariantly brought in the necessity of biopesticide usage. As a result, a number of studies propose many herbal and natural plants extracts to replace the chemical pesticides. Mushroom extract has been proven to be an active biopesticide that can be used on the plants to control plant diseases. It has many low molecular and high molecular proteins, which are reported to be effective antimicrobial agents. Several plant pathogens have been identified to be susceptible to mushroom extract. Active compounds like ethyl 2-methylbutyrate, linalool, methional , 3-octanone from the extract are currently explored for preparations of biopesticides. Present study focuses on growth promoting activity of Pleurotus ostreatus mushroom extract on selected plants. Experiments were conducted to evaluate growth promotional activity of Pleurotus ostreatus extract on Trigonella foenum, Cicer arietinum, Brassica nigra, Coriandrum sativum. In potted plant experiments various concentrations of mushroom extract was tested in triplicates. It has been evident from the study that, with increasing concentration of mushroom extract, a selective growth promotion in Trigonella foenum was observed whereas a significant inhibition in growth was found with Brassica nigra, Cicer arietinum, Coriandrum sativum. A considerable change in the rhizosphere flora was also observed in the presence of mushroom extract which could have influenced the growth. The statistical analysis by ANOVA revealed a significant value p<0.05, showing a significant impact of mushroom extract on growth in the selected plants.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Mushroom extract, Coriandrum sativum, Brassica nigra, Cicer arietnum, Trigonella foenum

  References
  [1]. Chihara G. 1993 Medical aspects of lentinan isolated from Lentinus edodes (Berk.) Sing. In Mushroom Biology and Mushroom Products, eds ChangS.T., BuswellJ.A. & ChiuS.W. pp. 261–266. Hong Kong: Chinese University Press.Google Scholar
  [2]. JongS.C. & BirminghamJ.M. 1992 Medicinal benefits of the mushroom Ganoderma. Advances in Applied Microbiology 37, 101–134.Google Scholar
  [3]. LiuF., OoiV.E.C. & ChangS.T. 1995 Antitumour components of the culture filtrates from Tricholoma sp. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 11, 486–490.Google Scholar
  [4]. LiuF., FungM.C., OoiV.E.C. & ChangS.T. 1996 Induction in the mouse of gene expression of immunomodulating cytokines by mushroom polysaccharide-protein complexes. Life Sciences 58, 1795–1803.Google Scholar
  [5]. MizunoT. & ZhuangC. 1995 Miitake, Grifola frondosa: Pharmacological effects. Food Reviews International 11, 135–149.Google Scholar
  [6]. MizunoT., WangG., ZhangJ., KawagishiH., NishitobaT. & LiJ. 1995 Reishi, Ganoderma lucidum and Ganoderma tsugae: Bioactive substances and medicinal effects. Food Reviews International 11, 151–166.Google Scholar
  [7]. PaiS.H., JongS.C. & LowD.W. 1990 Usages of mushroom. Bioindustry 1, 126–131.Google Scholar
  [8]. SakagamiH. & TakedaM. 1993 Diverse biological activity of PSK (Krestin), a protein-bound polysaccharide from Coriolus versicolor (Fr.) Quel. In Mushroom Biology and Mushroom Products, eds ChangS.T., BuswellJ.A. & ChiuS.W. pp. 237–245. Hong Kong: Chinese University Press.Google Scholar
  [9]. WangH.X., LiuW.K., NgT.B., OoiV.E.C. & ChangS.T. 1995a Immunomodulatory and antitumour activities of a polysaccharide-peptide complex from a mycelial culture of Tricholoma sp., a local edible mushroom. Life Sciences. 57, 269–281.Google Scholar
  [10]. WangH.X., LiuW.K., NgT.B., OoiV.E.C. & ChangS.T. 1995b. Isolation and characterization of two distinct lectins with antiproliferative activity from the cultured mycelium of the edible mushroom Tricholoma mongolicum. International Journal of Peptide and Protein Research 46, 508–513.Google Scholar
  [11]. YangQ.Y., HuY.J., LiX.Y., YangS.X., LiuJ.X., LiuT.F., XuG.M. & LiaoM.L. 1993 A new biological response modifier-PSP. In Mushroom Biology and Mushroom Products, eds ChangS.T., BuswellJ.A. & ChiuS.W. pp. 247–259. Hong Kong: Chinese University Press.Google Scholar
  [12]. Sasaki, T., & Takasuka, N. (1976). Further study of the structure of lentinan, an anti-tumor polysaccharide from Lentinus edodes. Carbohydrate Research, 47(1), 99-104.
  [13]. Beltran-Garcia, M. J., Estarron-Espinosa, M., & Ogura, T. (1997). Volatile compounds secreted by the oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) and their antibacterial activities. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 45(10), 4049-4052.
  [14]. Chang, S. T., & Hayes, W. A. (Eds.). (2013). The biology and cultivation of edible mushrooms. Academic press.
  [15]. Masota, N. E., Mihale, M., Sempombe, J., Henry, L., Mugoyela, V., & Sung`hwa, F. (2017). Pesticidal Activity of Wild Mushroom Amanita muscaria (L) Extracts against Sitophilus zeamais (Motschulsky)(Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Stored Maize Grains. Journal of Food Security, 5(2), 26-32.
  Badalyan, S. M., Innocenti, G., & Garibyan, N. G. (2002). Antagonistic activity of xylotrophic mushrooms against pathogenic fungi of cereals in dual culture. Phytopathologia Mediterranea, 41(3), 220-225.
  [16]. Falade, O. E., Oyetayo, V. O., & Awala, S. I. (2017). Evaluation of the mycochemical composition and antimicrobial potency of wild macrofungus, Rigidoporus microporus (Sw). J Phytopharmacol, 6(2), 115-125.
  

  Citation
  Renuka Ambilgeker, S. Anju, V. Selva kumar, J. Sarada, "Evaluation of growth promoting activity of Pleurotus ostreatus extract on Trigonella foenum, Cicer arietinum, Brassica nigra, Coriandrum sativum," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.06, Issue.01, pp.8-13, 2019

• Open Access   Article

  Comparative analysis of plant growth promoting activity of iron, silver and zinc oxide metal nanoparticles.

  Sanmita Belde, S. Anju, V. Selva Kumar, J. Sarada

  Research Paper | Journal Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.06 , Special Issue.01 , pp.14-18, May-2019

  CrossRef-DOI:   https://doi.org/10.26438/ijsrbs/v6si1.1418

  Abstract

  Full-Text HTML

  References

  Citation

  Abstract
  Nanotechnology is a developing field in science and technology with diverse applications. Among the different types of nanomaterials synthesised, metal nanoparticles are widely used due to their enhanced catalytic, chemical and other physical properties. The field of agriculture is undergoing major quest for innovative methods to enhance the productivity of the crops. Metal ions are vital in plant growth as macro and micro elements for carrying out a number of physiological processes. These metal ions in the form of nanoparticles with multi-faceted properties are most of the time promoting the plant growth. Growth and development of plants is known to be influenced by a number of metal oxide nanoparticles and there are many established studies indicating the improvement of plant systems in the presence of the metals as nanoparticles. A comparative study was carried out with biologically synthesized iron, silver and zinc oxide nanoparticles on the seed germination and plant growth in potted plants of potato (Solanum tuberosum), carrot (Daucus carota), and beetroot (Beta vulgaris). From the study it is evident that silver and zinc oxide nanoparticles have promoted early germination as well as increased the shoot length in potato plant when compared to iron nanoparticles. A significant increase in shoot length when compared to the control has been observed with zinc oxide nanoparticles. Simultaneously the effect on micro flora of soil has been analysed which showed an increased in the presence of iron and zinc oxide nanoparticles and decrease with silver nanoparticles. The statistical analysis by ANOVA test revealed that the significance value p < 0.05 which states that there is a significant impact of metal nanoparticles on plant growth.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Metal nanoparticles, Solanum tuberosum, Daucus carota, Beta vulgaris, Germination and Growth

  References
  [1]. Silva, G. A. (2004). Introduction to nanotechnology and its applications to medicine. Surgical neurology, 61(3), 216-220.
  [2]. Prasad, R., Bhattacharyya, A., & Nguyen, Q. D. (2017). Nanotechnology in sustainable agriculture: recent developments, challenges, and perspectives. Frontiers in microbiology, 8, 1014.
  [3]. Schröfel, A., Kratošová, G., Šafařík, I., Šafaříková, M., Raška, I., & Shor, L. M. (2014). Applications of biosynthesized metallic nanoparticles–a review. Acta biomaterialia, 10(10), 4023-4042.
  [4]. Zhang, X. F., Liu, Z. G., Shen, W., & Gurunathan, S. (2016). Silver nanoparticles: synthesis, characterization, properties, applications, and therapeutic approaches. International journal of molecular sciences, 17(9), 1534.
  [5]. Abbasi Khalaki, M., Ghorbani, A., & Moameri, M. (2016). Effects of silica and silver nanoparticles on seed germination traits of Thymus kotschyanus in laboratory conditions. Journal of Rangeland Science, 6(3), 221-231.
  [6]. Laware, S. L., & Raskar, S. (2014). Influence of Zinc Oxide nanoparticles on growth, flowering and seed productivity in onion. International Journal of Current Microbiology Science, 3(7), 874-881.
  [7]. Wang, X. P., Li, Q. Q., Pei, Z. M., & Wang, S. C. (2018). Effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles on the growth, photosynthetic traits, and antioxidative enzymes in tomato plants. Biologia plantarum, 62(4), 801-808.
  [8]. Askary, M., Talebi, S. M., Amini, F., & Bangan, A. D. B. (2017). Effects of iron nanoparticles on Mentha piperita L. under salinity stress. Biologija, 63(1).
  [9]. Aslani, F., Bagheri, S., Muhd Julkapli, N., Juraimi, A. S., Hashemi, F. S. G., & Baghdadi, A. (2014). Effects of engineered nanomaterials on plants growth: an overview. The Scientific World Journal, 2014.
  [10]. Farooqui, Areeba., Tabassum, Heena., Ahmad Asad., Mabood, Abdul L.Ahmad, Adhan., & Ahmad, I. Z. (2016). Role of nanoparticles in growth and development of plants: a review. Int. J. Pharm. Bio. Sci, 7(4), 22-37.
  [11]. Mehta, C. M., Srivastava, R., Arora, S., & Sharma, A. K. (2016). Impact assessment of silver nanoparticles on plant growth and soil bacterial diversity. 3 Biotech, 6(2), 254.
  [12]. Afrayeem, S. M., & Chaurasia, A. K. (2017). Effect of zinc oxide nanoparticles on seed germination and seed vigour in chilli (Capsicum annuum L.). Int. J. Pharmacol. Phytochem, 6, 1564-1566.
  [13]. Laware, S. L., & Raskar, S. (2014). Influence of Zinc Oxide nanoparticles on growth, flowering and seed productivity in onion. International Journal of Current Microbiology Science, 3(7), 874-881.
  [14]. Prasad, T. N. V. K. V., Sudhakar, P., Sreenivasulu, Y., Latha, P., Munaswamy, V., Reddy, K. R., ... & Pradeep, T. (2012). Effect of nanoscale zinc oxide particles on the germination, growth and yield of peanut. Journal of plant nutrition, 35(6), 905-927.
  

  Citation
  Sanmita Belde, S. Anju, V. Selva Kumar, J. Sarada, "Comparative analysis of plant growth promoting activity of iron, silver and zinc oxide metal nanoparticles.," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.06, Issue.01, pp.14-18, 2019

• Open Access   Article

  Green synthesis of iron, copper and silver nanoparticles and their antibacterial activity on animal pathogens – A Comparative study

  Thakur Deepa Singh, P. Sravani, S. P. Sreedhar Bhattar, K. Anuradha

  Research Paper | Journal Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.06 , Special Issue.01 , pp.19-24, May-2019

  CrossRef-DOI:   https://doi.org/10.26438/ijsrbs/v6si1.1924

  Abstract

  Full-Text HTML

  References

  Citation

  Abstract
  Prevalence of antibiotic resistance in the animal pathogens is posing a threat to the treatment of various veterinary diseases like anthrax, brucellosis, gastritis caused by Bacillus anthracis, Brucella and Staphylococcus aureus. Antibiotic resistant bacteria may spread from animals to humans through various veterinary products. Challenges in the area of antibiotic resistance are met not only by combined drug therapy and the use of novel antimicrobial agents, but also the use of nanomedicine is offering an alternative to treat drug resistant pathogens. Nanoparticle research is currently an area of intense scientific research due to their unique properties like smaller size, penetrating ability into the cell and diversified applications in fields like biomedicine, agriculture, information technology. Since nanoparticles serve as potent antimicrobial agents, the present study mainly focuses on evaluating the efficacy of Iron, Copper and Silver nanoparticles as antimicrobial agents on animal pathogens. Green synthesis of nanoparticles from plant sources is the most emerging method as compared to the chemical and physical methods as it is less time consuming, cost effective and eco- friendly. Neem (Azadirachta indica) leaf extract was used to synthesis the Iron, Copper and Silver nanoparticles and were further characterized using techniques like UV-Vis Spectroscopy and SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy). The synthesized nanoparticles were tested for antibacterial activity using well-diffusion assay against Escherichia coli (E.coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S.aureus) isolates obtained from P. V. Narsimha Rao State Veterinary University. Antibacterial study reveals that Silver nanoparticles synthesized using Neem leaf extract show significant antibacterial effect when compared to Iron and Copper nanoparticles.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  green synthesis, Azadirachta indica, nanoparticles, animal pathogens, antibiotic resistance, antimicrobial activity, well-diffusion method.

  References
  [1]. Hayunnisa nadaroglu, Azize alayli gungor, Selvi ince, “Synthesis of Nanoparticles by green Synthesis Method” International Journal of Innovation Research and Reviews, 1(1)6-9, ISSN: 2636-8919, 2017.
  [2]. Padalia, H., Moteriya, P., & Chanda, S. (2015). Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from marigold flower and its synergistic antimicrobial potential. Arabian Journal of Chemistry,8(5), 732-741. doi:10.1016/j.arabjc.2014.11.015
  [3]. Iravani, S. (2011). Green synthesis of metal nanoparticles using plants. Green Chemistry, 13(10), 2638. doi:10.1039/c1gc15386b
  [4]. Monalisa P., P.L. Nayak (2013). Green synthesis and characterization of Zero Valent Iron Nanoparticles from the leaf extract of Azadirachta indica. World Journal of Nano Science & Technology, 2(1): 06-09,2013. DOI: 10.5829/idosi.wjnst.2013.2.1.21132
  [5]. Ventola C. L. (2015). The antibiotic resistance crisis: part 1: causes and threats. P & T: a peer-reviewed journal for formulary management, 40(4), 277–283.
  [6]. Amutha S., Sridhar S. Green synthesis of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles using leaves of Glycosmis mauritiana and their antibacterial activity against human pathogens. Journal of Innovations in Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences. ISSN:2349-2759
  [7]. S.Ansilin, J.Kavya Nair, C.Aswathy, V.Rama, J.Peterr, J.Jeyachynthaya Persis (2016). Green synthesis and Characterisation of Copper Oxide nanoparticles using Azadirachta indica (Neem) Leaf Aqueous Extract. Journal of Nanoscience and Technology. Issn:2455-0191.
  [8]. Moodley, J. S., Krishna, S. B., Pillay, K., Sershen, & Govender, P. (2018). Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from Moringa oleifera leaf extracts and its antimicrobial potential. Advances in Natural Sciences: Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 9(1), 015011. doi:10.1088/2043-6254/aaabb2
  [9]. Almatar, M., Makky, E. A., Var, I., & Koksal, F. (2018). The Role of Nanoparticles in the Inhibition of Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria and Biofilms. Current Drug Delivery, 15(4), 470-484. doi:10.2174/1567201815666171207163504
  [10]. Baptista, P. V., McCusker, M. P., Carvalho, A., Ferreira, D. A., Mohan, N. M., Martins, M., & Fernandes, A. R. (2018). Nano-Strategies to Fight Multidrug Resistant Bacteria-"A Battle of the Titans". Frontiers in microbiology, 9, 1441. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2018.01441
  [11]. Smekalova, M., Aragon, V., Panacek, A., Prucek, R., Zboril, R., & Kvitek, L. (2016). Enhanced antibacterial effect of antibiotics in combination with silver nanoparticles against animal pathogens. The Veterinary Journal,209, 174-179. doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.10.032
  [12]. Saranya, S., Vijayarani, K., & Pavithra, S. (2017). Green Synthesis of Iron Nanoparticles using Aqueous Extract of Musa ornata Flower Sheath against Pathogenic Bacteria. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences,79(5). doi:10.4172/pharmaceutical-sciences.1000280
  [13]. Monalisa P., P.L.Nayak (2013). Green synthesis and characterization of Zero Valent Iron Nanoparticles from the leaf extract of Azadirachta indica. World Journal of Nano Science & Technology, 2(1): 06-09,2013. DOI:10.5829/idosi.wjnst.2013.2.1.21132
  [14]. S.Ansilin, J.Kavya Nair, C.Aswathy, V.Rama, J.Peterr, J.Jeyachynthaya Persis (2016). Green synthesis and Characterization of Copper Oxide nanoparticles using Azadirachta indica (Neem) Leaf Aqueous Extract. Journal of Nanoscience and Technology. Issn:2455-0191.
  [15]. Banerjee, P., Satapathy, M., Mukhopahayay, A., & Das, P. (2014). Leaf extract mediated green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from widely available Indian plants: Synthesis, characterization, antimicrobial property and toxicity analysis. Bioresources and Bioprocessing,1(1). doi:10.1186/s40643-014-0003-y
  [16]. Ronston CT STE K., (2012). UV/VIS/IR Spectroscopy Analysis Of Nanoparticles. NanoComposix v 1.1.
  [17]. M.Joshi, A.Battacharya, S.Wazed Ali (2008). Characterization techniques for nanotechnology applications in textiles. Indian Journal of Fibre & Textile Research. Vol 33, pp.304-317
  [18]. BARTHOLOMEW, J. W., & MITTWER, T. (1952). The Gram stain. Bacteriological reviews, 16(1), 1–29.
  [19]. Powers, E. M., & Latt, T. G. (1977). Simplified 48-hour IMVIC test: an agar plate method. Applied and environmental microbiology, 34(3), 274–279.
  [20]. Ventola C. L. (2015). The antibiotic resistance crisis: part 1: causes and threats. P & T : a peer-reviewed journal for formulary management, 40(4), 277–283.
  [21]. Valgas, C., Souza, S. M., Smânia, E. F., & Jr., A. S. (2007). Screening methods to determine antibacterial activity of natural products. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology,38(2), 369-380. doi:10.1590/s1517-83822007000200034
  [22]. Sherein I.Abd El-Moez, Shimaa T, Hassan Amer (2014). Antimicrobial activities of Neem Extract (Azadirachta indica) Against Microbial Pathogens of Animal Origin. Global Veterinaria 12(2):250-256 DOI:10.5829/idosi.gv.2014.12.02.82123
  [23]. Yuan, Y. G., Peng, Q. L., & Gurunathan, S. (2017). Effects of Silver Nanoparticles on Multiple Drug-Resistant Strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa from Mastitis-Infected Goats: An Alternative Approach for Antimicrobial Therapy. International journal of molecular sciences, 18(3), 569. doi:10.3390/ijms18030569
  [24]. Monalisa P., P.L.Nayak (2013). Green synthesis and characterization of Zero Valent Iron Nanoparticles from the leaf extract of Azadirachta indica. World Journal of Nano Science & Technology, 2(1): 06-09,2013. DOI: 10.5829/idosi.wjnst.2013.2.1.21132
  [25]. S.Ansilin, J.Kavya Nair, C.Aswathy, V.Rama, J.Peterr, J.Jeyachynthaya Persis (2016). Green synthesis and Characterization of Copper Oxide nanoparticles using Azadirachta indica (Neem) Leaf Aqueous Extract. Journal of Nanoscience and Technology. Issn:2455-0191.
  [26]. Padma, P., Banu, S., & Kumari, S. (2018). Studies on Green Synthesis of Copper Nanoparticles Using Punica granatum. Annual Research & Review in Biology,23(1), 110. doi:10.9734/arrb/2018/38894
  [27]. Awwad, A. M., & Salem, N. M. (2012). Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles by Mulberry Leave Extract.
  [28]. Nanoscience and Nanotechnology,2(4), 125-128. doi:10.5923/j.nn.20120204.06
  [29]. Tayyaba Naseem, Muhammad Akhyar Farrukh (2014). Antibacterial activity of green synthesis of Iron Nanoparticles using Lawsonia inermis and Gardenia jasminoides leaves extract. Journal of Chemistry Volume 2015, Article ID 912342,7 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/912342
  [30]. M.Gopinath, R.Subbaiya, M.Mailamani Selvam, D.Suresh. Synthesis of Copper Nanoparticles from Nerium oleander leaf extract and its Antibacterial activity. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, ISSN:2319-7706 Volume 3 Number 9 (2014) pp.814-818.
  

  Citation
  Thakur Deepa Singh, P. Sravani, S. P. Sreedhar Bhattar, K. Anuradha, "Green synthesis of iron, copper and silver nanoparticles and their antibacterial activity on animal pathogens – A Comparative study," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.06, Issue.01, pp.19-24, 2019

• Open Access   Article

  Comparative study of “Commercially available mouthwashes with that of herbal mouthwashes” on pre-dominant oral cavity flora- Streptococcus species

  M.K. Esha, K. Anuradha

  Research Paper | Journal Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.06 , Special Issue.01 , pp.25-30, May-2019

  CrossRef-DOI:   https://doi.org/10.26438/ijsrbs/v6si1.2530

  Abstract

  Full-Text HTML

  References

  Citation

  Abstract
  Oral cavity is a vital part of the body and contributes to total health and wellbeing. Poor oral health affects general health and leads to systemic diseases like dental caries. The association between oral diseases and oral cavity flora is well established. There are more than 700 species of bacteria which may affect oral cavity and a number are implicated in oral diseases. Dental caries are developed by micro-organisms like Streptococcus, Lactobacillus and Actinomycetes which can be inhibited with the use of herbal and commercial mouthwashes as they show anti-microbial activity. Many researchers studied effect of anti-microbial activity of plant extracts on microbial flora of oral cavity. However, the studies on green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from the plant extracts and its effect on microbial flora of oral cavity would be a significant finding as these nanoparticles are efficient at very low concentrations and can penetrate into dental cavities easily. The silver nanoparticles play a crucial role in dental field for not only controlling the pathogens but also in other applications of nano dentistry. The present study includes screening, isolation and identification of microbial flora of oral cavity and to determine the effect of silver nanoparticles on oral flora. 50 oral cavity samples of patients fitted with dental braces from Army College of Dental Sciences and other dental clinics were collected. Streptococcus species was the predominant bacteria found in all these samples and the same organism is selected for comparative study of effect of commercially available mouthwashes like Orarite, Histidine and Whisper mint with that of herbal products like Azadirachta indica (Neem), Ocimum santum (Tulsi), Mentha (Peppermint), Piper betle (Betel) and Syzigium aromaticum (Clove). The results demonstrated that herbal products have more anti-microbial activity on Streptococcus species than the commercially available mouthwashes. These plant products were further tested for green synthesis of silver nanoparticles. The Silver Nanoparticles produced were characterized by Spectrophotometric, and SEM analysis. The silver nanoparticles synthesized from these plant products are safe, efficient and economical to use in herbal mouthwash preparations for dental diseases.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Green synthesis, Silver nanoparticles, Plant extracts, Oral flora

  References
  [1]. Metwalli, K. H., Khan, S. A., Krom, B. P., & Jabra-Rizk, M. A. (2013). Streptococcus mutans, Candida albicans, and the Human Mouth: A Sticky Situation. PLoS Pathogens,9(10). doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1003616
  [2]. Palombo, E. A. (2011). Traditional Medicinal Plant Extracts and Natural Products with Activity against Oral Bacteria: Potential Application in the Prevention and Treatment of Oral Diseases. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine,2011, 1-15. doi:10.1093/ecam/nep067
  [3]. Alshehri, F. A. (2018). The use of mouthwash containing essential oils (LISTERINE®) to improve oral health: A systematic review. The Saudi Dental Journal,30(1), 2-6. doi:10.1016/j.sdentj.2017.12.004
  [4]. Babu, S. A., & Prabu, H. G. (2011). Synthesis of AgNPs using the extract of Calotropis procera flower at room temperature. Materials Letters,65(11), 1675-1677. doi:10.1016/j.matlet.2011.02.071
  [5]. Salehi P., Momeni Danaie Sh. (2006). Comparison of the antibacterial effects of persica mouthwash with chlorhexidine on streptococcus mutans in orthodontic patients. Daru- Journal of Faculty of Pharmacy,14(4).
  [6]. Shah, M., Fawcett, D., Sharma, S., Tripathy, S., & Poinern, G. (2015). Green Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles via Biological Entities. Materials,8(11), 7278-7308. doi:10.3390/ma8115377
  [7]. Albandar, J. M., J. A. Brunelle, and A. Kingman. 1999. Destructive periodontal disease in adults 30 years of age and older in the United States, 1988–1994. J. Periodontol. 70:13–29.
  [8]. Aas, J. A., Paster, B. J., Stokes, L. N., Olsen, I., & Dewhirst, F. E. (2005). Defining the Normal Bacterial Flora of the Oral Cavity. Journal of Clinical Microbiology,43(11), 5721-5732. doi:10.1128/jcm.43.11.5721-5732.2005
  [9]. Gupta C, Kumari A, Garg, et al. A. Comparative study of cinnamon oil and clove oil in some oral microbiota. ABM [Internet]. 1Feb.2012 [cited 16Apr.2019];82(3):197-9.
  [10]. Salehi P., Momeni Danaie Sh. (2006). Comparison of the antibacterial effects of persica mouthwash with chlorhexidine on streptococcus mutans in orthodontic patients. Daru- Journal of Faculty of Pharmacy,14(4).
  [11]. Rosin M, Welk A, Bernhardt O, Ruhnau M, Pitten FA, Kocher T, Kramer A. Effect of a Polyhexamethylene Biguanide Mouthrinse on Bacterial Counts and Plaque. J Clin Periodontol, 2001; 28: 1121-1126.
  [12]. Renton-Harper P, Addy M, Mora NJ, Doherty FM, Newcombe RG. A Comparison of Chlorhexidine, Cetylpyridinium Chloride, Triclosan and C31G Mouthrinse Products for Plaque Inhabitation. J Periodontol, 1996; 67: 486-89.
  [13]. Almas K. The Effect of Salvadora Persica extract (Miswak) and chlorhexidine gluconate on human dentin: A SEM Study. J. Contemp. Dent. Pract. 2002; 3: 27-35.
  [14]. Anderson G.B., Bowden J, Marrison E.C., Caffesse R. Clinical effect of chlorhexidine mouthwashes on patients undergoing orthodontic treatment. Am. J. Orthod Dentofac Orthop , 1997; 111: 606612.
  [15]. Barrajo J.L., Varela L.G. Efficacy of chlorhexidine mouthrinses with and without alcohol: A clinical study. J Periodontol 2002; 73: 317-21.
  [16]. Bishara S.E., Damon P.L., Olsen M.E., Jakobsen J.R. Effect of applying chlorhexidine antibacterial agent on the shear bond strengths of orthodontic brackets. Angle Orthod 1991; 66: 313-316.
  [17]. Al-Otaibi M., Al-Harthy M., Gustafsson A., Classon R., Angmar-Mansson B. Subgingival plaque microbiota in Saudi Arabians after use of Miswak chewing stick and tooth brush. J. Clin. Periodontal. 2004; 31: 1048-53.
  [18]. Thosar, Nilima, et al. “Antimicrobial Efficacy of Five Essential Oils against Oral Pathogens: An in Vitro Study.” European Journal of Dentistry, vol. 7, no. 5, 2013, p. 71., doi:10.4103/1305-7456.119078.
  [19]. Malarkodi, C., et al. “Biosynthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of Semiconductor Nanoparticles against Oral Pathogens.” Bioinorganic Chemistry and Applications, vol. 2014, 2014, pp. 1–10., doi:10.1155/2014/347167.
  [20]. Xi-Feng Zhang 1,Zhi-Guo Liu 1,Wei Shen 2 and Sangiliyandi Gurunathan 3,* Silver Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Characterization, Properties, Applications, and Therapeutic Approaches. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2016, 17(9), 1534; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17091534
  [21]. Saini, J., Kashyap, D., Batra, B., Kumar, S., Kumar, R., & Malik, D. K. (2011). Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles by Using Neem (Azadirachta Indica) and Amla (Phyllanthus Emblica) Leaf Extract. Indian Journal of Applied Research,3(5), 209-210. doi:10.15373/2249555x/may2013/63
  [22]. Bindhani, B. K., & Panigrahi, A. K. (2015). Biosynthesis and Characterization of Silver Nanoparticles (Snps) by using Leaf Extracts of Ocimum Sanctum L (Tulsi) and Study of its Antibacterial Activities. Journal of Nanomedicine & Nanotechnology,S6. doi:10.4172/2157-7439.s6-008
  [23]. Gabriela, Á, Gabriela, M. D., Luis, A., Reinaldo, P., Michael, H., Rodolfo, G., & Roberto, V. J. (2017). Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Mint Leaf Extract (Mentha piperita) and Their Antibacterial Activity. Advanced Science, Engineering and Medicine,9(11), 914-923. doi:10.1166/asem.2017.2076
  [24]. Bansal, H., Kaushal, J., Chahar, V., Shukla, G., & Bhatnagar, A. (2018). Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Syzygium aromaticum (Clove) Bud Extract: Reaction Optimization, Characterization and Antimicrobial Activity. Journal of Bionanoscience,12(3), 378-389. doi:10.1166/jbns.2018.1531
  [25]. Rani, P. U., & Rajasekharreddy, P. (2011). Green synthesis of silver-protein (core–shell) nanoparticles using Piper betle L. leaf extract and its ecotoxicological studies on Daphnia magna. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects,389(1-3), 188-194. doi:10.1016/j.colsurfa.2011.08.028
  [26]. Botelho, M. A., Santos, R. A., Martins, J. G., Carvalho, C. O., Paz, M. C., Azenha, C., Ruela, F. I. (2009). Comparative effect of an essential oil mouthrinse on plaque, gingivitis and salivary Streptococcus mutans levels: A double blind randomized study. Phytotherapy Research, 23(9), 1214-1219. doi:10.1002/ptr.2489
  [27]. Song, J. Y., & Kim, B. S. (2008). Rapid biological synthesis of silver nanoparticles using plant leaf extracts. Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering, 32(1), 79-84. doi:10.1007/s00449-008-0224-6
  

  Citation
  M.K. Esha, K. Anuradha, "Comparative study of “Commercially available mouthwashes with that of herbal mouthwashes” on pre-dominant oral cavity flora- Streptococcus species," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.06, Issue.01, pp.25-30, 2019

• Open Access   Article

  Azo dye degradation by bacterial laccases produced from mushroom spent

  Yash shah, P. Naga Padma, K. Anuradha

  Research Paper | Journal Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.06 , Special Issue.01 , pp.31-40, May-2019

  CrossRef-DOI:   https://doi.org/10.26438/ijsrbs/v6si1.3140

  Abstract

  Full-Text HTML

  References

  Citation

  Abstract
  Laccases are multi-copper enzymes which catalyze the oxidation of a wide range of phenolic and non-phenolic aromatic compounds and participate in several applications such as bioremediation, biopulping, textile, and food industries. It is widely distributed in higher plants, fungi and also found in bacteria. Azo dyes containing effluents from different industries pose threats to the environment. Though there are physico-chemical methods to treat such effluents, bioremediation is considered to be the best eco-friendly method. The present study emphasises on isolation of efficient laccase producers from mushroom spent and their use for azo dye degradation. The primary isolates were isolated by enrichment culture technique using guaiacol as substrate. About 10 secondary isolates were studied for laccase production using raw substrate like saw dust. The isolates were identified culturally, microscopically and biochemically. The laccase production cycle for the isolates was studied and found that peak production was by 72 hours. The selected laccase producers were tested for their different azo dye degradation potential both in isolation and as a consortium. The different azo dyes studied were trypan blue, congo red, malachite green and methyl red dyes for degradation at regular intervals of 24 hours for a period of 3 days. The different concentrations studied were 10mg/L, 25mg/L, 50mg/L, 75mg/L, 100mg/L. The consortium of Azo dye degrading cultures (samples 1–5) could totally degrade all azo dyes with variation in degradation times, whereas isolates could only degrade methyl red with variation in time. The samples 2 and 5 showed complete degradation of methyl red in 48 hours and other applications can be further studied.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Laccases, Guaiacol, Azo dyes, Consortium, Degradation

  References
  [1]. Petr Baldrian, “Fungal laccases – occurrence and properties”, FEMS Microbiology Reviews, Volume 30, Issue 2, pp. 215–242, 2006.
  [2]. P. S. Chauhan, B. Goradia, and A. Saxena, “Bacterial laccase: recent update on production, properties and industrial applications”, doi:10.1007/s13205-017-0955-7, Vol. 7, Issue 5, pp. 323, 2017.
  [3]. Khushal Brijwani, Anne Rigdon, and Praveen V. Vadlani, “Fungal Laccases: Production, Function, and Applications in Food Processing”, Volume 2010, Article ID 149748, pp. 10, 2010.
  [4]. Bruna de Campos Ventura-Camargo, Maria Aparecida Marin-Morales, “Azo Dyes: Characterization and Toxicity– A Review”, Textiles and Light Industrial Science and Technology (TLIST)", Volume 2, Issue 2, 2013.
  [5]. Hala Yassin El-Kassas*, Laila Abdelfattah Mohamed, “Bioremediation of the textile waste effluent by Chlorella vulgaris”, Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research Vol.40, pp. 301-308, 2014.
  [6]. N.F. Ali*, R.S.R. El-Mohamedy, “Microbial decolourization of textile waste water”, Journal of Saudi Chemical Society, Vol. 16, pp. 117-123, 2012.
  [7]. Md. Ekramul Karim*, Kartik Dhar, Md. Towhid Hossain, “Decolorization of textile Reactive dyes By Bacterial Monoculture and Consortium Screened from Textile Dyeing Effluent”, Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Vol. 16, pp. 375-380, 2018.
  [8]. Rehan A., Abd El Monssef, Enas A.Hassan, Elshahat M.Ramadan, “Production of laccase enzyme for their potential application to decolorize fungal pigments on aging paper and parchment”, Volume 61, Issue 1, pp. 145-154, 2016.
  [9]. Sarvesh Kumar Mishra, Shailendra Kumar Srivastava*, Veeru Prakash, Alok Milton Lall and Sushma, “Production and Optimization of Laccase from Streptomyces lavendulae”, International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, ISSN: 2319-7706, Volume 6, Number 5, pp. 1239-1246, 2017.
  [10]. Deepti Singh, Ekta Narang, Preeti Chutani, Amit Ku-mar, KK Sharma, Mahesh Dhar and Jugsharan S Virdi, “Isolation, Characterization and Production of Bacterial Laccase from Bacillus sp”, Book ID: 314192_1_En Chapter ID: 39, 2014.
  [11]. Chivukula, M., and Renganathan, “Phenolic azo dye oxidation by laccase from Pyricularia oryzae”, Appl Environ Microbiol., Vol. 61, pp. 4347-4377, 1995.
  [12]. Kirby. N.,Marchant.R., and McMullan.G., “Decolorisation of synthetic textile dyes by Phlebia tremellosa”. FEMS Microbiol Lett,, Vol.1881, pp. 93-96, 2000.
  [13]. Peralta- Zamora.P.,Pereira.C.M.,Tiburtius.E.R.L., Moraes.S.G., Rosa.M.A., Minussi.R.C., Duran.N., “Decolorization of reactive dyes by immobilized laccase”, Applied catalysis B: Environmental, Vol. 42, pp. 131-144, 2003.
  [14]. Blánquez P, Casas N, Font X, et al., “Mechanism of textile metal dye biotransformation by Trametes versicolor”, Water Research, Vol. 38, Issue. 8, pp. 2166–2172, 2004.
  [15]. R. BOURBONNAIS*, M. G. PAICE, I. D. REID, P. LANTHIER, AND M. YAGUCHI, “Lignin Oxidation by Laccase Isozymes from Trametes versicolor and Role of the Mediator 2,29-Azinobis (3-Ethylbenzthiazoline6-Sulfonate) in Kraft Lignin Depolymerization”, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Vol. 61, No. 5, pp. 1876–1880, 1995.
  [16]. Vandevivere.P., Bianchi.R.,Verstraete.W.J., “The effects of reductant and carbon source on the microbial decolorization of azo dyes in an anaerobic sludge process”, Chem. Technol.Biotechnol., Vol. 72, pp. 289-302, 1998.
  [17]. Barragan.B.E., Carlos Costa and Carmen Marquez.M., “Dyes and Pigments”, Vol. 75, pp. 73-81, 2007.
  [18]. Asad S, Amoozegar MA, Pourbabaee AA, Sarbolouki MN, Dastgheib SM, “Decolorization of textile dyes by newly isolated halophilic and halotolerant bacteria”, Bioresources Technology, Vol. 98, pp. 2082-2088, 2007.
  [19]. Puvaneswari, N., Muthukrishnan, J., and Gunasekaran, “Toxicity assessment and microbial degradation of azo dyes”, Indian J Exp Biol., Vol. 44, pp. 618 626, 2006.
  [20]. Sharma VK., “Aggregation and toxicity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in aquatic environment - A Review”. J Environ Sci Health A., Vol. 44, pp. 1485–95, 2009.
  [21]. Stolz, A., “Basic and applied aspects in the microbial degradation of azo dyes”, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol.. Vol. 56, pp.69-80, 2001.
  [22]. Gogate.P.R., and Pandit.A.B., “A review of imperative technologies for wastewater treatment II: Hybrid Methods”, Adv. Environ. Res., Vol. 8, pp. 553-597, 2004.
  [23]. Archibald FS., “A new assay for lignin-type peroxidases employing the dye azure B”, Appl Environ Microbiol., Vol. 58, pp. 3110–3116, 1992.
  [24]. Pointing SB., “Qualitative methods for the determination of lignocellulolytic enzyme production by tropical fungi”, Fungal Divers, Vol. 2, pp. 17–33, 1999.
  [25]. Neifar M, Chouchane H, Mahjoubi M, Jaouani A, Cherif A., “Pseudomonas extremorientalis BU118: a new salt-tolerant laccase-secreting bacterium with biotechnological potential in textile azo dye decolourization”. 3. Biotech., Vol. 6, pp.107, 2016.
  [26]. Devasia S, Nair JA., “Screening of potent laccase producing organisms based on the oxidation pattern of different phenolic substrates”, Int J Curr Microbiol App Sci., Vol. 5, pp. 127–137, 2016.
  [27]. Givaudan A, Effosse A, Faure D, Potier P, Bouillant ML, Bally R., “Polyphenol oxidase in Azospirillum lipoferum isolated from rice rhizosphere:evidence for laccase activity in non-motile strains of Azospirillum lipoferum”, FEMS Microbiol., Vol. 108, pp. 205–210, 1993.
  [28]. Narayanan MP, Murugan S, Eva AS, Devina SU, Kalidass S., “Application of immobilized laccase from Bacillus subtilis MTCC 2414 on decolourization of synthetic dyes”, Res J Microbiol., Vol. 10, pp. 421–432, 2015.
  [29]. Solano F, Garcia E, Perez D, Sanchez-Amat A., “Isolation and characterization of strain MMB-1 (CECT 4803), a novel melanogenic marine bacterium”, Appl Environ Microbiol., Vol. 63, pp. 3499–3506, 1997.
  [30]. Kuntal Kalra*, Rohit Chauhan, Mohd. Shavez and Sarita Sachdeva, “Isolation Of Laccase Producing Trichoderma Spp. And Effect Of pH And Temperature On Its Activity”, International Journal of ChemTech Research CODEN (USA): IJCRGG, ISSN: 0974-4290, Vol. 5, No. 5, pp 2229-2235, 2013.
  [31]. Fatemeh Sheikhi, Mohammad Roayaei Ardakani, Naeimeh Enayatizamir, and Susana Rodriguez-Couto, “The Determination of Assay for Laccase of Bacillus subtilis WPI with Two Classes of Chemical Compounds as Substrates”, Indian J Microbiol., Vol. 52, Issue 4, pp.701–707, 2012.
  [32]. M.Sudha*, A. Saranya, G. Selvakumar and N. Sivakumar, “Microbial degradation of Azo Dyes: A review”, International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, ISSN: 2319-7706, Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 670-690, 2014.
  [33]. Sondhi S, Sharma P, George N, Chauhan PS, Puri N, Gupta N, “An extracellular thermo-alkali-stable laccase from Bacillus tequilensis SN4, with a potential to biobleach softwood pulp”, Biotech, Vol. 5, Issue. 2, pp. 175-185, 2015.
  

  Citation
  Yash shah, P. Naga Padma, K. Anuradha, "Azo dye degradation by bacterial laccases produced from mushroom spent," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.06, Issue.01, pp.31-40, 2019

• Open Access   Article

  Biodegradation of Organo phosphorous Pesticide Dichlorvos by bacteria isolated from field sample

  Ravi Pandey, Y. Aparna

  Research Paper | Journal Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.06 , Special Issue.01 , pp.41-45, May-2019

  CrossRef-DOI:   https://doi.org/10.26438/ijsrbs/v6si1.4145

  Abstract

  Full-Text HTML

  References

  Citation

  Abstract
  The extensive use of pesticides is considered to be one of the major causes of soil and water pollution in agricultural sector. As it enters the food chain, humans on the other hand are directly or indirectly victimized. In order to counteract the situation, such contaminants need to be removed from the environment. The safest approach to clean the environmental pollution in an eco-friendly way is by employing microorganisms, a process termed as biodegradation. Dichlorvos is an organophosphorus pesticide widely used as insecticide to control pest in agriculture.In the present study an attempt was made to screen for potential Dichlorvos degrading bacteria. The soils collected from various field samples are subjected to enrichment culture technique using various concentrations of pesticides in minimal salt medium. Of all the organisms screened only four isolates labelled as SA, SB, SC and SD showed degradative activity. Organophosphate enzyme assay was performed to confirm the degradation by using UV-Visible spectrophotometer. However further studies are to be done to check whether the cultures are showing complete degradation, partial degradation or bioconversion.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Biodegradation, Dichlorvos, Organophosphate assay, Organophosphorus pesticide

  References
  [1]. Shaohua Chen, Chenglan Liu, Chuyan Peng, Hongmei Liu, Meiying Hu, Guohua Zhong. Biodegradation of chlorpyrifos and its hydrolysis product 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol by a new fungal strain Cladosporium cladosporioides Hu-01. PloS One, 7: 47205, 2012
  [2]. Singhal, V, “Indian Agriculture 2003”.Indian Economic Data Research Centre, New Delhi, pp.85-93, 2003
  [3]. Hazra, C.R., Demand pattern of pesticides in India. Pesticide Information, 26: 41-45, 2001.
  [4]. Tatheer Alam Naqvi1, Nisar Ahmed Kanhar ,Abdul Hussain Shar ,Masroor Hussain and Safia Ahmed. Microcosm studies for the biodegradation of carbaryl in soil. Pak. J. Bot., 43(2): 1079-1084, 2011.
  [5]. Natala, A.J. and Ochoje, O.S. Survey of pesticides used in the control of ectoparasites on farm animals in Kaduna State, Northern Nigeria. J. Animal and Plant Sci. 4 (1): 276 – 280, 2009.
  [6]. Nsikak U. B. and Aruwajoye I. O. Assessment of contamination by organochlorine pesticides in Solanum lycopersicum L. and Capsicum annuum L.: A market survey in Nigeria. Afri.J. Environ.Sci.Technol.. 5(6): 437-442, 2011.
  [7]. Kanekar, P.P., Bhadbhade, B., Deshpande, N.M. and Sarnaik, S.S., Biodegradation of organophosphorus pesticides. Proceedings of Indian National Science Academy, 70: 57-70, 2004.
  [8]. Bakry NM, el-Rashidy AH,Eldefrawi AT,Eldefrawi ME.Direct actions of organophosphate anticholinesterases on nicotinic and muscarinic acetylcholinic receptors. J. Biochem. Toxicol. 3: 235-259,1988
  [9]. Serdar, C.M and Gibson, D.T. Enzymatic hydrolysis of organophosphates cloning and expression of a parathion hydrolase gene from Pseudomonas diminuta. Biotechnol. 3: 567-571, 1985.
  [10]. Grimsley, J., Rastogi, V. and Wild, J.. Biological detoxification of organophosphorus neurotoxins. In: Bioremediation Principles and Practice-Biodegradation Technology Developments (S. Sikdar and R. Irvine, Eds). Technomic Publishers, New York. pp 557-613, 1998.
  [11]. Mohammed, M.S. Degradation of methomyl by the novel bacterial strain Stenotrophomonas maltophilia MI. Electronic J. Biotechnol. 12 (4): 1- 6, 2009.
  [12]. Mark R McCoy,Zheng Yang,Xun Fu,Ki Chang Ahn, Shirley J.Gee,David C Bom,Ping Zhong, Dan Chang and Bruce D.Hammock.Monitoring of total type II pyrethroid pesticides in citrus oils and water by converting to a common product 3-phenoxybenzoic acid. J. Agric. Food Chem., 60: 5065-5070,2012
  [13]. Yonar SM, Ural MS, Silici S, Yonar ME. Malathion-induced changes in the haematological profile, the immune response and the oxidative/antioxidant status of Cyprinus carpiocarpio: Protective role of propolis. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety, 102: 202-209,2014
  [14]. S. E. Agarry, O. A. Olu-arotiowa, M. O. Aremu and L. A. Jimoda. Biodegradation of Dichlorovos(Organophosphate pesticide) in soil by bacterial isolates. Journal of Natural sciences Research.Vol 3(8):12-16,2013.
  [15]. Soni Yadav, Sitansu Kumar Verma and Hotam Singh Chaudhary. Isolation and characterization of Organophosphate pesticides degrading bacteria from contaminated agricultural soil.Online journalof biological sciences.15(1):113-125,2015
  [16]. M A Chandrashekar, M.Supreeth, K Soumya Pai, S K C Ramesh, N Geetha, H R Puttaraju and NS Raju. Biodegradation Of Organophosphorous Pesticide, Chlorpyrifos By Soil Bacterium - Bacillus megaterium RC 88. Asian journal of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Environmental Science paper.Vol 19(1);146-152,2017
  [17]. Alvarez-Macarie, E., V. Augier-Magro and J. Baratti. Characterization of a thermostable esterase activity from the moderate thermophile Bacillus licheniformis. Bioscience Biotechnology Biochemistry, 63: 1865-1870,1999.
  

  Citation
  Ravi Pandey, Y. Aparna, "Biodegradation of Organo phosphorous Pesticide Dichlorvos by bacteria isolated from field sample," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.06, Issue.01, pp.41-45, 2019

• Open Access   Article

  Screening and Isolation of Antibiotic producing Microorganisms from Soil

  A. Ramya. Krishna, Y. Aparna

  Research Paper | Journal Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.06 , Special Issue.01 , pp.46-49, May-2019

  CrossRef-DOI:   https://doi.org/10.26438/ijsrbs/v6si1.4649

  Abstract

  Full-Text HTML

  References

  Citation

  Abstract
  Diverse microorganisms are known to produce a wide variety of Antibiotics as secondary metabolites that are being developed and are used in treating various infections in humans, animals and plants. Microorganism has always been the primary source for production of antibiotics and still continues to maintain its significance. Antibiotics are produced by several group of microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes. Abuse of antibiotics in various fields resulted in development of resistance in various bacteria which is a major threat in today’s scenario. Hence the screening of various antibiotics with effective antimicrobial activity is still continuing though thousands are available in today’s market. The present study was undertaken to screen various organisms from different sources for their antimicrobial activity. Samples were screened by crowded plate technique. Out of 10 samples screened only one soil sample from rhizosphere region has shown zone of inhibition. The organism was purified and tested for antimicrobial activity against E.coli sps, Pseudomonas sps, Bacillus, Klebsiella and Staphylococcus sps. The organism showed zone of inhibition only on gram positive bacteria. However maximum zone was observed with staphylococcus alone. Bacillus did not show significant inhibition. Further tests are being done to know the sensitivity of various staphylococcal strains of different origin with isolate.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Actinomycetes, Antimicrobial avtivity, Staphylococcus spp, Agar well diffusion method.

  References
  [1]. Chandra, N., & Kumar, S. Antibiotics Producing Soil Microorganisms. Soil Biology Antibiotics and Antibiotics Resistance Genes in Soils, 1-18,2017
  [2]. Rai, K. Actinomycetes: Isolation, Characterization and Screening for Antimicrobial Activity from Different Sites of Chitwan, Nepal. International Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 3(1), 25,2018
  [3]. Njenga, P., Mwaura, Jm, W., & Em, G. Methods of Isolating Actinomycetes from the Soils of Menengai Crater in Kenya. Archives of Clinical Microbiology, 08(03),2017
  [4]. Mukesh Sharma, Pinki Dangi and Meenakshi Choudhary. Actinomycetes: Source, Identification, and Their Applications. International journal of current microbiology and applied science 3(2): 801-832, 2014.
  [5]. Naine, J. S., Nasimunislam, N., Vaishnavi, B., Mohanasrinivasan, V., & Devi, S. C. Isolation of soil Actinomycetes inhabiting Amrithi forest for the potential source of bioactive compounds. Asian J. Pharm. Clin. Res, 5(3), 189-192, 2012.
  [6]. Janardhan, A., Kumar, A. P., Viswanath, B., Saigopal, D. V. R., & Narasimha, G. Production of bioactive compounds by actinomycetes and their antioxidant properties. Biotechnology research international, 2014
  [7]. Gebreyohannes, G., Moges, F., Sahile, S., & Raja, N. Isolation and characterization of potential antibiotic producing actinomycetes from water and sediments of Lake Tana, Ethiopia. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 3(6), 426-435,2013
  [8]. Chaudhary, H., Gopalan, N., Shrivastava, A., Singh, S., Singh, A., & Yadav, J. Antibacterial activity of actinomycetes isolated from different soil samples of Sheopur (A city of central India). Journal of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology & Research, 4(2), 2013
  

  Citation
  A. Ramya. Krishna, Y. Aparna, "Screening and Isolation of Antibiotic producing Microorganisms from Soil," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.06, Issue.01, pp.46-49, 2019

• Open Access   Article

  Screening different microbial flora and their enzymatic activities during tea waste composting

  Akhila Godishala, S. Chaitanya Kumari

  Research Paper | Journal Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.06 , Special Issue.01 , pp.50-59, May-2019

  CrossRef-DOI:   https://doi.org/10.26438/ijsrbs/v6si1.5059

  Abstract

  Full-Text HTML

  References

  Citation

  Abstract
  Proper management of solid waste is a major problem in most of the metropolitan areas. Composting is one of the oldest and simplest methods of organic waste stabilization. Composting tea waste is not only an environmental safe method of its disposal but also enhances the growth of the plants as it contains nutrients and tannic acid which create a more fertile environment. In the present study composting of tea waste with variations in type of soil, type of cattle dung and type of tea leaf waste was studied. From this physical, chemical, biological activities and soil enzymes such as cellulase, pectinase, proteases, amylases, xylanase activities were studied in various combinations like black soil, red soil, tea waste, green tea leaves waste along with cow dung, buffalo dung and goat manure in a ratio of 2:2:1 for a time period of 30 days. Analysis of soil with tea waste and cattle dung revealed that compost soil underwent changes in all measured physicochemical, biological and enzymatic parameters like moisture content recorded as 1.6%, highest temperature as 460 C and percentage of microbial population like bacteria as 60% and fungi as 40% were observed in the compost soil. Higher enzyme activities such as protease, pectinase, xylanase were observed with bacterial isolates comparatively with fungal isolates. PGPR activities such as IAA, Siderophore production, phosphate solubilization and organic acid production were also observed. Improved soil microbial and enzyme activities in cattle dung soil is an indication of improvement in soil fertility. Therefore the produced compost can be used to increase the crop yield and simultaneously decreasing the environmental pollution.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Tea waste, cattle dung, physico-chemical-biological activities, PGPR activities

  References
  [1] Pappu A, Saxena M, Asolekar SR. Solid wastes generation in India and their recycling potential in building material. Building and Environment 42(6): 2311-2320,2007.
  [2] Dipti yadav, Lepakshi Barbora, Latha Rangan, Pinakeswar Mahanta. Tea waste and food waste as a potential feedstock for biogas production 35(5): 1247-1253 , 2016.
  [3] Minakshi Gurav, Smita Sinalkar. Preparation of organic compost using waste tea powder, National conference on biodiversiy : Status and challenges in conservation ISBN : 978-81-923628-1-6, 2013.
  [4] Echochem, Innovative solutions for sustainable agriculture in accordance with NOSB (National Organic Standard Board).
  [5] R.P.Dick; Soil enzyme activities as indicators of soil quality. In: J.V.Doran, D.C.Coleman, D.F.Bezdick, B.A.Stewrtm (Eds); Defining Soil Qualioty for a sustanaible Environment Soil Science Society of American society of Agriculture, Madison, 107-124 ,1994.
  [6] M.A.Tabatabai; Soil enzymes. In: R.W.Weaver, S.Angle, P.Bottomley (Eds); Methods ofsoil analy- sis. Part 2: Microbiological and biochemical prop- erties. Soil Science Society of America, Madison, 775-833,1994.
  [7] S.P.Deng, M.A.Tabatabai;Cellulase activity ofsoils. Soil BioBiochem, 26, 1347-1354,1994.
  [8] T.W.Speir, D.J.Ross; Phosphorous in action - Biological processes in soil phosphorous cycling, Role of phosphatase enzyme in soil, Soil Biology vol - 26 : 215-245,2001.
  [9] J.C.Tarafdar, A.Jungk; Phosphatase activity in the rhizosphere and its relation to the depletion of soil organic phosphorus. Biol.Fert.Soils., 3(4), 199-204,1987.
  [10] W.A.Dick, M.A.Tabatabai; Potential uses of soil enzymes. In: F.B.Metting Jr. (Ed); Soil microbial ecology: Applications in agricultural and environ- mental management, Marcel Dekker, New York, 95-127 ,1991.
  [11] Diver.S, .Notes on Compost Teas:A Supplement to the ATTRA Publication Compost Teas for Plant Disease Control, ISBN:1-800-346-9140 ,2002 .
  [12] ER Ingham, The compost tea brewing manual, Soil food web incorporated, fifth edition 13-91 ,2005.
  [13] T. Kanangara, R.C. Durley, G.M. Simpson, High performance liquid chromatographic analysis of cytokinins in sorghum bicolor leaves, physiologia plantrum 44(3):295-299 ,2006.
  [14] R Merrill, J McKeon, Apparatus design and experimental protocol for organic compost teas, Organic farming research foundation information bulletin 9,9-15 ,2001.
  [15] Taleb Abuzahra, Alaeddin b Tahboub, Effect of Organic Matter sources on chemical properties of the soil and yield of strawberry under organic farming conditions, World Applied Sciences 5(3) 383-388 2008.
  [16] Steinegger, D. H. and Janssen, D. E. 1996. Straberries, plants, selecting and preparing a site, planting and care of strawberries. Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, plant pathol. J. 31(3):259-268, 2015.
  

  Citation
  Akhila Godishala, S. Chaitanya Kumari, "Screening different microbial flora and their enzymatic activities during tea waste composting," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.06, Issue.01, pp.50-59, 2019

• Open Access   Article

  Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Aloe vera extract and assessing their antimicrobial activity against skin infections

  G.Supriya, S. Chaitanya kumari

  Research Paper | Journal Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.06 , Special Issue.01 , pp.60-65, May-2019

  CrossRef-DOI:   https://doi.org/10.26438/ijsrbs/v6si1.6065

  Abstract

  Full-Text HTML

  References

  Citation

  Abstract
  The synthesis of nanomaterials is currently one of the most active in nanoscience branches especially those help to improve the human quality life. Silver ions have the disadvantage of forming complexes and the effect of the ions remained only for short time. This disadvantage have been overcome by the use of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) which are in inert form and also exhibit antimicrobial function by inducing the production of reactive oxygen species. In fish spas, clients may submerge their hands, feet or whole body in basins with Garra rufa fish, for dead skin removal. Skin infections may result from using these spas. We also focused on identification of some common pathological bacterial and fungal isolates responsible for causing foot cracks. In the present work we have made an attempt to evaluate antibacterial and antifungal activities against various pathogens isolated from fish spa water samples, fish gut and from human foot cracks. The fungal isolates identified were Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp. and Trichophyton sp., and bacterial isolates as Gram positive and Gram-negative organisms. In this work we report the synthesis of silver nanoparticles by green synthesis reduction method of silver nitrate (AgNO3) solution of different concentrations like 1mM,5mM,10mM using Aloevera plant extract of various dilutions like 4:1,3:2,2:3,1:4 respectively. The results show that higher silver nanoparticles were synthesized by using plant extract and water in the ratio of 3:2 and optimal concentration of silver nitrate was found as 10mM. Green synthesized Silver nanoparticles obtained were characterized by UV−visible spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The zones of inhibition of synthesized silver nanoparticles against the bacterial and fungal pathogens were variable and comparatively the highest was shown by 3:2 diluted plant extract prepared by using 10mM silver nitrate solution of about 24mm and 20mm against Gram positive and Gram negative organisms respectively isolated from fish spa samples. From the present study, it is concluded that green synthesized silver nanoparticles have wide spectrum antibacterial activity in low concentration than antifungal activity and therefore may be used as an alternative approach in medicine and pharmaceutical field in future.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Green synthesis, silver nanoparticles, fish spa isolates, antimicrobial activity

  References
  [1]. Deshmukh, S.P.; Patil, S.M.; Mullani, S.B.; Delekar, S.D. Silver nanoparticles as an effective disinfectant: A review. Mater. Sci. Eng. C, 97, pp.954–965, 2019.
  [2]. T. M. Abdelghany, Aisha M. H. Al-Rajhi, Mohamed A. Al Abboud, M. M. Alawlaqi, A. GanashMagdah, Eman A. M. Helmy, Ahmed S. Mabrouk. Recent Advances in Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles and Their Applications: About Future Directions. A Review. Bionanoscience, 8, pp. 5–16, 2018.
  [3]. Rafique, M.; Sadaf, I.; Rafique, M.S.; Tahir, M.B. A review on green synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their applications. Artif. Cells, Nanomedicine Biotechnol., 45, pp. 1272–1291. 2017
  [4]. Siddiqi, K.S.; Husen, A.; Rao, R.A.K. A review on biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles and their biocidal properties. J. Nanobiotechnology, p. 16, 2018.
  [5]. Ahmed, S.; Saifullah; Ahmad, M.; Swami, B.L.; Ikram, S. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Azadirachta indica aqueous leaf extract. J. Radiat. Res. Appl. Sci, 9,pp, 1–7, 2016.
  [6]. Tóth, I.Y. Silver nanoparticles : aggregation behavior in biorelevant conditions and its impact on biological activity. Int. J. Nanomedicine, 14, pp. 667–687, 2019.
  [7]. Srikar, S.K.; Giri, D.D.; Pal, D.B.; Mishra, P.K.; Upadhyay, S.N. Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles: A Review. Green Sustain. Chem, 06, pp. 34–56, 2016.
  [8]. Srinivas, B.; Naga Padma, P, Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using leaf extract and fruit pulp of Azadirachta indica , IJSAR, 4(4), 49-56, 2017.
  [9]. Rajasekaran, S.; Ravi, K.; Sivagnanam, K.; Subramanian, S. Beneficial effects of Aloe vera leaf gel extract on lipid profile status in rats with streptozotocin diabetes. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol, 33, pp. 232–237, 2006.
  [10]. Arunkumar, S.; Muthuselvam, M. Analysis Of Phytochemical Constituents And Antimicrobial Activities Of Alpinia calcarata Against Clinical Pathogens. World J. Agric. Sci, 5, pp. 572–576, 2009.
  [11]. Rosca-Casian, O.; Parvu, M.; Vlase, L.; Tamas, M. Antifungal activity of Aloe vera leaves. Fitoterapia, 78, pp. 219–222, 2007.
  [12]. NagaPadma, P.; Banu, S.chaitanya Kumari, S. Studies on Green Synthesis of Copper Nanoparticles Using Punica granatum. Annu. Res. Rev. Biol, 23, pp. 1–10, 2018.
  [13]. Medda, S.; Hajra, A.; Dey, U.; Bose, P.; Mondal, N.K. Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles from Aloe vera leaf extract and antifungal activity against Rhizopus sp. and Aspergillus sp. Appl. Nanosci, 5, pp. 875–880, 2015.
  [14]. Lateef, A.; Ojo, S.A.; Azeez, M.A.; Asafa, T.B.; Yekeen, T.A.; Akinboro, A.; Oladipo, I.C.; Beukes, L.S. Cobweb as novel biomaterial for the green and eco-friendly synthesis of silver nanoparticles. Appl. Nanosci, 6, pp. 863–874, 2016.
  [15]. Kumar, V.; Gundampati, R.K.; Singh, D.K.; Jagannadham, M. V.; Sundar, S.; Hasan, S.H. Photo-induced rapid biosynthesis of silver nanoparticle using aqueous extract of Xanthium strumarium and its antibacterial and antileishmanial activity. J. Ind. Eng. Chem, 37, pp. 224–236, 2016.
  [16]. Vivek, R.; Thangam, R.; Muthuchelian, K.; Gunasekaran, P. Green biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles from Annona squamosa leaf extract and its in vitro cytotoxic effect on MCF-7 cells. Process Biochem, 47, pp. 2405–2410, 2012.
  [17]. Mahadevan, S.; Vijayakumar, S.; Arulmozhi, P. Green synthesis of silver nano particles from Atalantia monophylla ( L ) Correa leaf extract , their antimicrobial activity and sensing capability of H 2 O 2. Microb. Pathogenes, 113, pp. 445–450, 2017.
  

  Citation
  G.Supriya, S. Chaitanya kumari, "Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Aloe vera extract and assessing their antimicrobial activity against skin infections," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.06, Issue.01, pp.60-65, 2019