Volume-11 , Issue-2 , Apr 2024, ISSN 2347-7520 (Online)

• Open Access   Article

  Formulation, Standardization and Nutritional Analysis of Beverage and Chutney recipes using Cassia auriculata

  Thirumalaiselvi K, Raji V Sugumar

  Research Paper | Conference-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.11 , Issue.2 , pp.1-7, Apr-2024

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  Abstract
  In this study, the effects of Cassia auriculata, a herb, on the formation, standardization, and nutritional analysis (Macro and Micro nutrients) of beverage and chutney recipes were investigated. The flowers, buds, and leaves of the herb exhibited the highest antioxidant activity due to their elevated phenolic and flavonoids content. The aqueous shade-dried powder from the leaves, flowers, and buds was used in the preparation of the beverage mix and chutney mix, which were formulated and standardized using natural preservatives. The edible flowers, buds, and leaves were found to be non-toxic and innocuous, with potential health benefits when consumed in the human diet. The prepared beverage mix and chutney mix were subjected to nutritional analysis, and the organoleptic evaluation by a panel of semi-trained participants showed encouraging acceptability for up to 120 days of storage at room temperature. This study demonstrates the feasibility of utilizing Cassia auriculata as a natural ingredient in the development of shelf-stable and nutritionally-rich beverage and chutney mixes, without the addition of artificial preservatives or flavours. This diversity in formulations also opens avenues for innovative culinary applications and commercial product development, potentially expanding the plant`s consumption. Incorporating this ethno medicinal herb into your regular diet, either as a drink or in a recipe, may help to revitalize your body`s overall system.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Cassia auriculata, formulation, beverage and chutney recipes, nutrition analysis and organoleptic evaluation

  References
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  Citation
  Thirumalaiselvi K, Raji V Sugumar, "Formulation, Standardization and Nutritional Analysis of Beverage and Chutney recipes using Cassia auriculata," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.11, Issue.2, pp.1-7, 2024

• Open Access   Article

  Re-Correcting the Scientific Nomenclature of Species of Erythrina Trees Introduced to Libya

  Sami Mohammed Salih, Ahmed Amrajaa Abdulrraziq

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.11 , Issue.2 , pp.8-12, Apr-2024

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  Abstract
  Erythrina spp. known as South African coral, one of the ornamental trees common in many countries worldwide, its presence was recently reported in Libya in 2019 AD as Erythrina humeana Spreng. This work was carried out to verify the taxonomic status of these trees in Al-Bayda City, Libya, after describing them accurately, reviewing the taxonomic keys for this genus and reviewing the digital herbarium (NYBG). The results and discussions of this study focused on the morphological characteristics of this species and its scientific name. The results of the taxonomic morphological field study showed that tree species found in Al-Bayda City belong to named is back to Erythrina lysistemon Hutch., not the previously known name Erythrina humeana Spreng., due to the presence of fundamental differences in several morphological characteristics (height, flower structure, leaf shape and flowering date). In this work, we propose to rename this species as E.lysistemon Hutch., as a preliminary treatment.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Erythrina spp., Scientific named, Libya

  References
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  Citation
  Sami Mohammed Salih, Ahmed Amrajaa Abdulrraziq, "Re-Correcting the Scientific Nomenclature of Species of Erythrina Trees Introduced to Libya," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.11, Issue.2, pp.8-12, 2024

• Open Access   Article

  Exploring the Diversity and Distribution of Macrophytes of Chandanpur Beel and Churamon Beel, North Dinajpur District, West Bengal: Implications for Conservation

  Sujit Kumar Mandal, Sudeshna Mukherjee

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.11 , Issue.2 , pp.13-17, Apr-2024

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  Abstract
  Aquatic macrophytes are the most diverse group of large photosynthetic organism and fundamental ingredients of any wetland biosphere. Overexploitation of wetlands and discharge of effluents into the water of wetland is the most serious problem nowadays which directly interfering the normal growth and sustainability of the macrophytes. The present research investigates the diversity and distribution pattern of macrophytes of Chandanpur beel and Churamon beel of North Dinajpur District. This investigation disclosed a total of 19 species belonging from 14 different families among which Asteraceae, Commelinaceae, Onagraceae, Poaceae and Polygonaceae showed the equal distribution each comprise 2 sp. whereas rest of the families each contain only 1 sp. Life form (Raunkiaer,1934) and growth form (Cook,1996) classification of macrophytes also have been done. Different quantitative characters viz. frequency, density, abundance, RF, RD, RA and IVI were also evaluated where Torenia crustacea showed the highest IVI value (27.19) followed by Pontederia crassipes (19.42). Diversity analysis revealed highest species diversity and species richness in Chandanpur beel. The study provides the insight pattern of diversity as well as present status of macrophytes which will be the triggering factor for the implementation effective step regarding conservation of macrophytes in their native area.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Macrophytes, Overexploitation, Life forms, Diversity analysis

  References
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  Citation
  Sujit Kumar Mandal, Sudeshna Mukherjee, "Exploring the Diversity and Distribution of Macrophytes of Chandanpur Beel and Churamon Beel, North Dinajpur District, West Bengal: Implications for Conservation," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.11, Issue.2, pp.13-17, 2024

• Open Access   Article

  Optimization of Fermentation Conditions Required for Exopolysaccharide (EPS) Production by Bacillus altitudinis Strain EPBAS.1 Obtained from Brewery Wastewater Sludge

  Idorenyin O. Jacob, Veronica J. Umoh, Ukponobong E. Antia

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.11 , Issue.2 , pp.18-25, Apr-2024

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  Abstract
  Bacteria exopolysaccharides (EPS) are long-chain high-molecular weight polysaccharides synthesize in bacteria and exported into the external environment and their production is influenced by several key cultural and fermentation conditions, which this study aimed to determine the optimum specific for Bacillus altitudinis strain EPBAS.1 obtained from brewery wastewater sludge for maximal production. Brewery wastewater sludge samples were collected and screened for EPS-producing bacteria using standard microbiological methods. The isolates were grown in broth culture for 48h, centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 30 minutes, the EPS extracted by ethanol precipitation to determine its yield, and the best EPS-producer identified molecularly and used for optimization study using one-factor at a time method. A total of 85 bacterial isolates were screened, 29 showed EPS production ability, while isolate EPBS.1 produced statistically (P<0.05) higher quantity (0.58±0.04g/100ml) of EPS, and was identified to the species level as Bacillus altitudinis strain EPBAS.1. From the optimization study, higher EPS yield (0.65±0.03g/100ml) was obtained with sucrose than other carbon sources. Organic nitrogen, with yeast extract as the most preferred, gave higher yield (0.68±0.01g/100ml) than inorganic nitrogen. pH, temperature, incubation period, inoculum size, and NaCl2 concentration gave optimal EPS yields at 7.0 (0.66±0.01g/100ml), 35oC (0.72±0.03g/100ml), 72h (0.69±0.01g/100ml), 4% (0.74±0.02g/100ml), and 5% (0.68±0.01g/100ml), respectively. The EPS extracts showed higher total carbohydrate (68.5±0.10%) than protein (16.2±0.31%) contents. Hence, the study reveals the optimal EPS production conditions for Bacillus altitudinis strain EPBAS.1 and recommends the use of sucrose, yeast extract, neutral pH, temperature at 35oC, 72h incubation time, 4% inoculum size, and 5% NaCl2 for optimal EPS production by the bacteria strain.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Optimization, fermentation conditions, exopolysaccharides, Bacillus altitudinis, brewery wastewater sludge

  References
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  Citation
  Idorenyin O. Jacob, Veronica J. Umoh, Ukponobong E. Antia, "Optimization of Fermentation Conditions Required for Exopolysaccharide (EPS) Production by Bacillus altitudinis Strain EPBAS.1 Obtained from Brewery Wastewater Sludge," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.11, Issue.2, pp.18-25, 2024

• Open Access   Article

  Revolutionizing Mosquito Control: A Nobel Approach with Cow Dung-Based Herbal Repellents

  Aparup Roy

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.11 , Issue.2 , pp.26-30, Apr-2024

  Abstract

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  Abstract
  Mosquito-borne diseases pose significant health threats worldwide, emphasizing the urgent need for effective and affordable mosquito repellents. This study investigates the development and efficacy of a novel mosquito repellent derived from cow dung supplemented with herbal ingredients. The primary objective was to assess the feasibility and effectiveness of utilizing cow dung as a base for mosquito repellent formulation, comparing its efficacy with commercially available alternatives. Through a series of experiments and comparative analyses, it was determined that the cow dung-based mosquito repellent exhibited a remarkable effectiveness, surpassing commercial repellents by 20%. The formulation process was meticulously examined, detailing the incorporation of herbal ingredients to enhance repellent properties. Moreover, the study sheds light on the potential health and environmental implications associated with the use of conventional mosquito repellents containing synthetic pyrethroids and DDT, emphasizing the need for safer alternatives. The herbal mosquito repellent developed in this study offers a cost-effective, eco-friendly solution with minimal health risks, thereby advocating for its adoption as a viable alternative to commercial repellents. Furthermore, this research underscores the importance of industry adoption to facilitate the widespread availability and utilization of herbal mosquito repellents, thereby mitigating health risks associated with conventional alternatives. Overall, this study contributes to the growing body of knowledge on sustainable vector control methods and highlights the potential of natural remedies in combating mosquito-borne diseases.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Mosquito repellent, Cow dung, Herbal ingredients, Effectiveness, Comparative analysis

  References
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  [14] Gil, C.M. Ghersa, S. Leicach. “Essential oils yield and composition of Tagetes minuta accessions from Argentina. Biochem”. Syst. Ecol. 28: 261–274, 2000
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  Citation
  Aparup Roy, "Revolutionizing Mosquito Control: A Nobel Approach with Cow Dung-Based Herbal Repellents," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.11, Issue.2, pp.26-30, 2024

• Open Access   Article

  Kidney Stone Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Ethno-Medical Approaches: A Short Communication

  Sandeep Kumar Soni, Rajesh Pandey

  Review Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.11 , Issue.2 , pp.31-37, Apr-2024

  Abstract

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  Citation

  Abstract
  Stone isK the dominant problem in the world due to number of factors associated with dietary habits affected to the renal, filtration and urinary systems directly and indirectly, which may causes by the deposition of elements in form of oxalate, silicate, phosphate and uric acid. Stone diseases also concerned with some major elements which comprises secondary and tertiary derivatives which partially or completely affected to concern function organs and its metabolism. Increased incidence in males as compared to females subjects were highly acknowledges. It also has been attributed to increased dietary protein intake, which increases and induced the urinary excretion of phosphates, magnesium and reduces urinary citrate status etc. The treatment of stone disease and concerned complicated factor problems resolves by medicated principles allopathically and homeopathically but the most of the prominent treatments allowed by Ayurveda system. Most of the ethno medicinal and herbal therapy not only declines the ratio of concerned elements but also possess a diverse significant protective response which is reviewed here with updated information. In this review article we are focused on the etiology and epidemiology of kidney stone in population of various age groups with respective gender ratio along with role of diet in kidney stone. The study also illustrates the ethno medical approaches with certain ethno herbal plants which are effectively used for the treatment of kidney stone.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Stone disease, complicated factors, etiology, ethno medicinal treatments

  References
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  Citation
  Sandeep Kumar Soni, Rajesh Pandey, "Kidney Stone Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Ethno-Medical Approaches: A Short Communication," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.11, Issue.2, pp.31-37, 2024

• Open Access   Article

  Isolation and Ccharacterization of Bacteria for Bio-surfactant production from oil-contaminated and Ffarmland Soil in Dutsin-Ma L.G.A

  Lawal B., Abdul N.A, Abdul U.

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.11 , Issue.2 , pp.38-42, Apr-2024

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  Abstract
  Surface-active substances that are secreted by microorganisms are called biosurfactants. Although there are a number of known microorganisms that create biosurfactants, more research is needed to determine which ones could produce the chemical more quickly and profitably for commercial usage. These kinds of bacteria were identified in the Dutsin-Ma metropolitan investigation as being involved in the production of biosurfactant. Six soil samples in all were gathered from various locations within the Dutsin-Ma city. Six soil samples in all were gathered from various locations within the Dutsin Ma city. The tests included isolating the bacteria, identifying the group to which the organisms belong using gram staining, testing the isolated bacteria biochemically, and performing additional tests to identify bacteria that create biosurfactants. Prior to microscopic examination, the bacteria used in this investigation were first acquired macroscopically. It was noted that several colony characteristics included colour, texture, border, and height. It was noted that B. subtilis had an entire border, a smooth texture, and a yellowish coloration. The isolates` biochemical examination reveals Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas sp., and pseudomonas aeruginosa. The fact that the bacteria are there indicates that the soil is a natural habitat for them. based on the biosurfactant activity screening using the oil spread, drop collapse, and haemolysis tests. Every isolate underwent a hemolysis test, and every one of them proved positive (Pseudomonas spp., however, had a negative result). The haemolysis result demonstrates beta hemolysis activity, a sign of the strain`s capacity to generate biosurfactants. With the exception of pseudomonas sp., all isolates showed positive for the drop collapse and oil spread tests. Further research is required to determine the precise features of the type and structure of the biosurfactant that these bacteria eat, based on the results of this study.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Biosurfactants, Bacteria, Soil, Screening, Dutsin-Ma

  References
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  Citation
  Lawal B., Abdul N.A, Abdul U., "Isolation and Ccharacterization of Bacteria for Bio-surfactant production from oil-contaminated and Ffarmland Soil in Dutsin-Ma L.G.A," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.11, Issue.2, pp.38-42, 2024

• Open Access   Article

  Gut microbiota analysis of marsh crocodile (Crocodylus palustris) of Vishwamitri River

  Shreya Kalariya, Jigna Desai, Vishal Thakur

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.11 , Issue.2 , pp.43-47, Apr-2024

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  Abstract
  A study was conducted to establish baseline information regarding the microbiome composition of the Marsh crocodile (Crocodylus palustris) gut flora through DNA isolation and sequencing of scat samples. Metagenomics, focusing on microbial communities within ecosystems, was employed to analyze the diverse microbiota, including bacteria, viruses, archaea, and eukaryotes. These microorganisms are ubiquitous and inhabit various environmental niches, such as soil, air, and water, and also form symbiotic relationships with host organisms, including their skin, lungs, and gastrointestinal tracts. Traditional bacterial biochemical identification approaches were found to be labor-intensive due to the inability to culture certain microbes. The use of One Codex software facilitated the analysis of the Marsh crocodile scat community, revealing a rich diversity comprising 84 phyla, 75 classes, 150 orders, 326 families, 1104 genera, and 3025 species. The gut microbiome is recognized for its significant impact on host health. In this study, Firmicutes predominated, comprising 50.07% of the phylum, followed by Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidetes. Notably, Firmicutes, including Bacilli, Gammaproteobacteria, and Clostridia, were associated with high levels of fecal coliforms in the aquatic environment inhabited by Marsh crocodiles.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  gut flora, microbiome, Firmicutes, Marsh crocodile, DNA isolation

  References
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  Citation
  Shreya Kalariya, Jigna Desai, Vishal Thakur, "Gut microbiota analysis of marsh crocodile (Crocodylus palustris) of Vishwamitri River," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.11, Issue.2, pp.43-47, 2024

• Open Access   Article

  The Physicochemical Dynamics of Epie Creek, Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria

  Oweifa Munasuonyo Domokuma, Alagoa Koru Joe

  Research Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.11 , Issue.2 , pp.48-55, Apr-2024

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  Abstract
  The Physicochemical Dynamics of Epie Creek, Yenagoa, Bayelsa State was investigated. This was done to measure the degree of direct and indirect human impacts on receiving systems of Epie creek, Bayelsa State. Physicochemical samples were collected for analyses once monthly from Four (4) stations for twelve (12) consecutive months between April 2021 and March 2022. Samples were collected between the hours of 08:00hrs to 12:00hrs during each sampling day using standard techniques. Physicochemical samples were analyzed for Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Alkalinity, Temperature, pH and Electrical conductivity (EC). Means and standard deviation were calculated for all physicochemical variables for both dry and wet seasons. Physicochemical data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) at the 95% confidence limit (P=0.05) in order to check the sources of variability and similarities in the measured values at stations within seasons. T-test was employed to determine the degree of variability of physicochemical parameters between seasons. This was aided by the SPSS® 20.0 statistics tool kit. Results indicate that all the physicochemical parameters were within the internationally permissible threshold for physicochemical parameters in fresh water. There were significant differences (P<0.05) of certain physicochemical parameters between the wet and dry seasons and between stations. It can be concluded that Epie creek in not under any immediate threat of pollution and the current practices around the creek be sustained or improved upon.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Physicochemistry, Dynamics, Epie creek, Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria

  References
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  Citation
  Oweifa Munasuonyo Domokuma, Alagoa Koru Joe, "The Physicochemical Dynamics of Epie Creek, Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.11, Issue.2, pp.48-55, 2024

• Open Access   Article

  Analysis of Sex Differential Immunity and its Impacts on Health: A Comprehensive Review

  Diptarup Mallick

  Review Paper | Journal-Paper (IJSRBS)

  Vol.11 , Issue.2 , pp.56-65, Apr-2024

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  Abstract
  Sex as a bio-variable affects both male and female immunity. Immunologically and phylogenetically both males and females are separated in terms of their innate and adaptive immunity and responses to self and non self antigens also and there are several influencing factors involved. Some sex differences in immune responses persist life long, while others become visible only after adolescence and before old age , indicating many immune regulatory genes( those on sex chromosomes) and sex hormones are equally engaged. There are four different life stages viz. fetal stage, childhood, adolescence and aging stage are characterized by sex differential levels of immunocytes, sex hormones and immune responsiveness . In addition ,microbiomes are influenced by early environmental exposures that also leads to sex differential immune responses. As well as micronutrient supplementations provide female-biased immunity. Henceforth, these sex differential immunity leads to variations in the frequency of some immunosuppressive diseases such as diseases caused by autoimmunity and malignant cancers, proneness to communicable diseases. Similarly differential vaccine efficiency are also seen in men and women and these differences affect their overall survival.

  Key-Words / Index Term
  Sex, Innate immunity, Adaptive immunity, Genetic factors, Hormonal factors, External factors, Immunosuppressive diseases, Vaccine

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  Citation
  Diptarup Mallick, "Analysis of Sex Differential Immunity and its Impacts on Health: A Comprehensive Review," International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, Vol.11, Issue.2, pp.56-65, 2024